Solution physics by resnick halliday krane, 5th ed. Instructor Solutions Manual for Physics by Halliday, Resnick, and Krane Paul Stanley Beloit College Volume 2 • A Note To The Instructor. The solutions here are somewhat brief, as they are designed for the instructor, not for the student. Check with the publishers before electronically posting any part of these solutions; website, ftp, or server access must be restricted to your students.
Solutions manual to Physics, 5th Edition. Resnick, Krane solutions manual to Physics. I want the solution manual of physics by Halliday resnick Krane volume 2.
I have been somewhat casual about subscripts whenever it is obvious that a problem is one dimensional, or that the choice of the coordinate system is irrelevant to the numerical solution. Although this does not change the validity of the answer, it will sometimes obfuscate the approach if viewed by a novice. There are some traditional formula, such as v2 x = v2 0x + 2axx, which are not used in the text.
The worked solutions use only material from the text, so there may be times when the solution here seems unnecessarily convoluted and drawn out. Yes, I know an easier approach existed. But if it was not in the text, I did not use it here. I also tried to avoid reinventing the wheel. There are some exercises and problems in the text which build upon previous exercises and problems. Instead of rederiving expressions, I simply refer you to the previous solution. I adopt a different approach for rounding of significant figures than previous authors; in partic- ular, I usually round intermediate answers.
As such, some of my answers will differ from those in the back of the book. Exercises and Problems which are enclosed in a box also appear in the Student’s Solution Manual with considerably more detail and, when appropriate, include discussion on any physical implications of the answer. These student solutions carefully discuss the steps required for solving problems, point out the relevant equation numbers, or even specify where in the text additional information can be found. When two almost equivalent methods of solution exist, often both are presented.
You are encouraged to refer students to the Student’s Solution Manual for these exercises and problems. However, the material from the Student’s Solution Manual must not be copied. Paul Stanley Beloit College stanley@clunet.edu 1 • E25-1 The charge transferred is Q = (2.5 × 104 C/s)(20 × 10−6 s) = 5.0 × 10−1 C.
E25-2 Use Eq. 25-4: r = (8.99×109Nm2/C2)(26.3×10−6C)(47.1×10−6C) (5.66 N) = 1.40 m E25-3 Use Eq. 25-4: F = (8.99×109 Nm2 /C2 )(3.12×10−6 C)(1.48×10−6 C) (0.123 m)2 = 2.74 N.
E25-4 (a) The forces are equal, so m1a1 = m2a2, or m2 = (6.31×10−7 kg)(7.22 m/s2 )/(9.16 m/s2 ) = 4.97×10−7 kg. 25-4: q = (6.31×10−7kg)(7.22 m/s2)(3.20×10−3m)2 (8.99×109Nm2/C2) = 7.20×10−11 C E25-5 (a) Use Eq. 25-4, F = 1 4π 0 q1q2 r2 12 = 1 4π(8.85×10−12 C2/N m2) (21.3 µC)(21.3 µC) (1.52 m)2 = 1.77 N (b) In part (a) we found F12; to solve part (b) we need to first find F13. Since q3 = q2 and r13 = r12, we can immediately conclude that F13 = F12. We must assess the direction of the force of q3 on q1; it will be directed along the line which connects the two charges, and will be directed away from q3. The diagram below shows the directions. F 12 F 23 F 23 F 12 θ F net From this diagram we want to find the magnitude of the net force on q1.
The cosine law is appropriate here: Fnet 2 = F2 12 + F2 13 − 2F12F13 cos θ, = (1.77 N)2 + (1.77 N)2 − 2(1.77 N)(1.77 N) cos(120◦ ), = 9.40 N2, Fnet = 3.07 N. 2 • E25-6 Originally F0 = CQ2 0 = 0.088 N, where C is a constant. When sphere 3 touches 1 the charge on both becomes Q0/2.
When sphere 3 the touches sphere 2 the charge on each becomes (Q0 + Q0/2)/2 = 3Q0/4. The force between sphere 1 and 2 is then F = C(Q0/2)(3Q0/4) = (3/8)CQ2 0 = (3/8)F0 = 0.033 N. E25-7 The forces on q3 are F31 and F32.
These forces are given by the vector form of Coulomb’s Law, Eq. 25-5, F31 = 1 4π 0 q3q1 r2 31 ˆr31 = 1 4π 0 q3q1 (2d)2 ˆr31, F32 = 1 4π 0 q3q2 r2 32 ˆr32 = 1 4π 0 q3q2 (d)2 ˆr32. These two forces are the only forces which act on q3, so in order to have q3 in equilibrium the forces must be equal in magnitude, but opposite in direction. In short, F31 = −F32, 1 4π 0 q3q1 (2d)2 ˆr31 = − 1 4π 0 q3q2 (d)2 ˆr32, q1 4 ˆr31 = − q2 1 ˆr32.
Note that ˆr31 and ˆr32 both point in the same direction and are both of unit length. We then get q1 = −4q2. E25-8 The horizontal and vertical contributions from the upper left charge and lower right charge are straightforward to find.
The contributions from the upper left charge require slightly more work. The diagonal distance is √ 2a; the components will be weighted by cos 45◦ = √ 2/2. The diagonal charge will contribute Fx = 1 4π 0 (q)(2q) ( √ 2a)2 √ 2 2 ˆi = √ 2 8π 0 q2 a2 ˆi, Fy = 1 4π 0 (q)(2q) ( √ 2a)2 √ 2 2 ˆj = √ 2 8π 0 q2 a2 ˆj. (a) The horizontal component of the net force is then Fx = 1 4π 0 (2q)(2q) a2 ˆi + √ 2 8π 0 q2 a2 ˆi, = 4 + √ 2/2 4π 0 q2 a2 ˆi, = (4.707)(8.99×109 N m2 /C2 )(1.13×10−6 C)2 /(0.152 m)2ˆi = 2.34 Nˆi.
(b) The vertical component of the net force is then Fy = − 1 4π 0 (q)(2q) a2 ˆj + √ 2 8π 0 q2 a2 ˆj, = −2 + √ 2/2 8π 0 q2 a2 ˆj, = (−1.293)(8.99×109 N m2 /C2 )(1.13×10−6 C)2 /(0.152 m)2ˆj = −0.642 Nˆj. 3 • E25-9 The magnitude of the force on the negative charge from each positive charge is F = (8.99×109 N m2 /C2 )(4.18×10−6 C)(6.36×10−6 C)/(0.13 m)2 = 14.1 N. The force from each positive charge is directed along the side of the triangle; but from symmetry only the component along the bisector is of interest. This means that we need to weight the above answer by a factor of 2 cos(30◦ ) = 1.73. The net force is then 24.5 N.
E25-10 Let the charge on one sphere be q, then the charge on the other sphere is Q = (52.6× 10−6 C) − q. Then 1 4π 0 qQ r2 = F, (8.99×109 Nm2 /C2 )q(52.6×10−6 C − q) = (1.19 N)(1.94 m)2. Solve this quadratic expression for q and get answers q1 = 4.02×10−5 C and q2 = 1.24×10−6 N. E25-11 This problem is similar to Ex. There are some additional issues, however. It is easy enough to write expressions for the forces on the third charge F31 = 1 4π 0 q3q1 r2 31 ˆr31, F32 = 1 4π 0 q3q2 r2 32 ˆr32. Then F31 = −F32, 1 4π 0 q3q1 r2 31 ˆr31 = − 1 4π 0 q3q2 r2 32 ˆr32, q1 r2 31 ˆr31 = − q2 r2 32 ˆr32.
The only way to satisfy the vector nature of the above expression is to have ˆr31 = ±ˆr32; this means that q3 must be collinear with q1 and q2. Q3 could be between q1 and q2, or it could be on either side.
Let’s resolve this issue now by putting the values for q1 and q2 into the expression: (1.07 µC) r2 31 ˆr31 = − (−3.28 µC) r2 32 ˆr32, r2 32ˆr31 = (3.07)r2 31ˆr32. Since squared quantities are positive, we can only get this to work if ˆr31 = ˆr32, so q3 is not between q1 and q2. We are then left with r2 32 = (3.07)r2 31, so that q3 is closer to q1 than it is to q2. Then r32 = r31 + r12 = r31 + 0.618 m, and if we take the square root of both sides of the above expression, r31 + (0.618 m) = (3.07)r31, (0.618 m) = (3.07)r31 − r31, (0.618 m) = 0.752r31, 0.822 m = r31 4 • E25-12 The magnitude of the magnetic force between any two charges is kq2 /a2, where a = 0.153 m. The force between each charge is directed along the side of the triangle; but from symmetry only the component along the bisector is of interest. This means that we need to weight the above answer by a factor of 2 cos(30◦ ) = 1.73. The net force on any charge is then 1.73kq2 /a2.
The length of the angle bisector, d, is given by d = a cos(30◦ ). The distance from any charge to the center of the equilateral triangle is x, given by x2 = (a/2)2 + (d − x)2. Then x = a2 /8d + d/2 = 0.644a. The angle between the strings and the plane of the charges is θ, given by sin θ = x/(1.17 m) = (0.644)(0.153 m)/(1.17 m) = 0.0842, or θ = 4.83◦. The force of gravity on each ball is directed vertically and the electric force is directed horizontally. The two must then be related by tan θ = FE/FG, so 1.73(8.99×109 N m2 /C2 )q2 /(0.153 m)2 = (0.0133 kg)(9.81 m/s2 ) tan(4.83◦ ), or q = 1.29×10−7 C. E25-13 On any corner charge there are seven forces; one from each of the other seven charges.
The net force will be the sum. Since all eight charges are the same all of the forces will be repulsive.
We need to sketch a diagram to show how the charges are labeled. 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 The magnitude of the force of charge 2 on charge 1 is F12 = 1 4π 0 q2 r2 12, where r12 = a, the length of a side. Since both charges are the same we wrote q2. By symmetry we expect that the magnitudes of F12, F13, and F14 will all be the same and they will all be at right angles to each other directed along the edges of the cube.
Written in terms of vectors the forces 5 • would be F12 = 1 4π 0 q2 a2 ˆi, F13 = 1 4π 0 q2 a2 ˆj, F14 = 1 4π 0 q2 a2 ˆk. The force from charge 5 is F15 = 1 4π 0 q2 r2 15, and is directed along the side diagonal away from charge 5. The distance r15 is also the side diagonal distance, and can be found from r2 15 = a2 + a2 = 2a2, then F15 = 1 4π 0 q2 2a2. By symmetry we expect that the magnitudes of F15, F16, and F17 will all be the same and they will all be directed along the diagonals of the faces of the cube. In terms of components we would have F15 = 1 4π 0 q2 2a2 ˆj/ √ 2 + ˆk/ √ 2, F16 = 1 4π 0 q2 2a2 ˆi/ √ 2 + ˆk/ √ 2, F17 = 1 4π 0 q2 2a2 ˆi/ √ 2 +ˆj/ √ 2. The last force is the force from charge 8 on charge 1, and is given by F18 = 1 4π 0 q2 r2 18, and is directed along the cube diagonal away from charge 8.
The distance r18 is also the cube diagonal distance, and can be found from r2 18 = a2 + a2 + a2 = 3a2, then in term of components F18 = 1 4π 0 q2 3a2 ˆi/ √ 3 +ˆj/ √ 3 + ˆk/ √ 3. We can add the components together. By symmetry we expect the same answer for each com- ponents, so we’ll just do one. How about ˆi.
This component has contributions from charge 2, 6, 7, and 8: 1 4π 0 q2 a2 1 1 + 2 2 √ 2 + 1 3 √ 3, or 1 4π 0 q2 a2 (1.90) The three components add according to Pythagoras to pick up a final factor of √ 3, so Fnet = (0.262) q2 0a2. 6 • E25-14 (a) Yes. Changing the sign of y will change the sign of Fy; since this is equivalent to putting the charge q0 on the “other” side, we would expect the force to also push in the “other” direction. (b) The equation should look Eq. 25-15, except all y’s should be replaced by x’s.
Then Fx = 1 4π 0 q0 q x x2 + L2/4. (c) Setting the particle a distance d away should give a force with the same magnitude as F = 1 4π 0 q0 q d d2 + L2/4. This force is directed along the 45◦ line, so Fx = F cos 45◦ and Fy = F sin 45◦. (d) Let the distance be d = x2 + y2, and then use the fact that Fx/F = cos θ = x/d. Then Fx = F x d = 1 4π 0 x q0 q (x2 + y2 + L2/4)3/2. And Fy = F y d = 1 4π 0 y q0 q (x2 + y2 + L2/4)3/2. E25-15 (a) The equation is valid for both positive and negative z, so in vector form it would read F = Fz ˆk = 1 4π 0 q0 q z (z2 + R2)3/2 ˆk.
(b) The equation is not valid for both positive and negative z. Reversing the sign of z should reverse the sign of Fz, and one way to fix this is to write 1 = z/ √ z2. Then F = Fz ˆk = 1 4π 0 2q0 qz R2 1 √ z2 − 1 √ z2 ˆk. E25-16 Divide the rod into small differential lengths dr, each with charge dQ = (Q/L)dr. Each differential length contributes a differential force dF = 1 4π 0 q dQ r2 = 1 4π 0 qQ r2L dr. Integrate: F = dF = x+L x 1 4π 0 qQ r2L dr, = 1 4π 0 qQ L 1 x − 1 x + L E25-17 You must solve Ex. 16 before solving this problem!
Q0 refers to the charge that had been called q in that problem. In either case the distance from q0 will be the same regardless of the sign of q; if q = Q then q will be on the right, while if q = −Q then q will be on the left. Setting the forces equal to each other one gets 1 4π 0 qQ L 1 x − 1 x + L = 1 4π 0 qQ r2, or r = x(x + L). 7 • E25-18 You must solve Ex. 17 before solving this problem. If all charges are positive then moving q0 off axis will result in a net force away from the axis.
That’s unstable. If q = −Q then both q and Q are on the same side of q0. Moving q0 closer to q will result in the attractive force growing faster than the repulsive force, so q0 will move away from equilibrium. E25-19 We can start with the work that was done for us on Page 577, except since we are concerned with sin θ = z/r we would have dFx = dF sin θ = 1 4π 0 q0λ dz (y2 + z2) z y2 + z2. We will need to take into consideration that λ changes sign for the two halves of the rod. Then Fx = q0λ 4π 0 0 −L/2 −z dz (y2 + z2)3/2 + L/2 0 +z dz (y2 + z2)3/2, = q0λ 2π 0 L/2 0 z dz (y2 + z2)3/2, = q0λ 2π 0 −1 y2 + z2 L/2 0, = q0λ 2π 0 1 y − 1 y2 + (L/2)2. E25-20 Use Eq.
25-15 to find the magnitude of the force from any one rod, but write it as F = 1 4π 0 q Q r r2 + L2/4, where r2 = z2 + L2 /4. The component of this along the z axis is Fz = Fz/r. Since there are 4 rods, we have F = 1 π 0 q Q z r2 r2 + L2/4, = 1 π 0 q Q z (z2 + L2/4) z2 + L2/2, Equating the electric force with the force of gravity and solving for Q, Q = π 0mg qz (z2 + L2 /4) z2 + L2/2; putting in the numbers, π(8.85×10−12 C2 /Nm2 )(3.46×10−7 kg)(9.8m/s2 ) (2.45×10−12C)(0.214 m) ((0.214m)2 +(0.25m)2 /4) (0.214m)2 +(0.25m)2/2 so Q = 3.07×10−6 C. E25-21 In each case we conserve charge by making sure that the total number of protons is the same on both sides of the expression. We also need to conserve the number of neutrons. (a) Hydrogen has one proton, Beryllium has four, so X must have five protons.
Then X must be Boron, B. (b) Carbon has six protons, Hydrogen has one, so X must have seven.
Then X is Nitrogen, N. (c) Nitrogen has seven protons, Hydrogen has one, but Helium has two, so X has 7 + 1 − 2 = 6 protons. This means X is Carbon, C. 8 • E25-22 (a) Use Eq. 25-4: F = (8.99×109 Nm2 /C2 )(2)(90)(1.60×10−19 C)2 (12×10−15m)2 = 290 N. (b) a = (290 N)/(4)(1.66×10−27 kg) = 4.4×1028 m/s2. E25-23 Use Eq.
25-4: F = (8.99×109 Nm2 /C2 )(1.60×10−19 C)2 (282×10−12m)2 = 2.89×10−9 N. E25-24 (a) Use Eq. 25-4: q = (3.7×10−9N)(5.0×10−10m)2 (8.99×109Nm2/C2) = 3.20×10−19 C. (b) N = (3.20×10−19 C)/(1.60×10−19 C) = 2. E25-25 Use Eq. 25-4, F = 1 4π 0 q1q2 r2 12 = (1 3 1.6 × 10−19 C)(1 3 1.6 × 10−19 C) 4π(8.85 × 10−12 C2/N m2)(2.6 × 10−15 m)2 = 3.8 N.
E25-26 (a) N = (1.15×10−7 C)/(1.60×10−19 C) = 7.19×1011. (b) The penny has enough electrons to make a total charge of −1.37×105 C. The fraction is then (1.15×10−7 C)/(1.37×105 C) = 8.40×10−13. E25-27 Equate the magnitudes of the forces: 1 4π 0 q2 r2 = mg, so r = (8.99×109Nm2/C2)(1.60×10−19C)2 (9.11×10−31kg)(9.81 m/s2) = 5.07 m E25-28 Q = (75.0 kg)(−1.60×10−19 C)/(9.11×10−31 kg) = −1.3×1013 C.
E25-29 The mass of water is (250 cm3 )(1.00 g/cm 3 ) = 250 g. The number of moles of water is (250 g)/(18.0 g/mol) = 13.9 mol.
The number of water molecules is (13.9 mol)(6.02×1023 mol−1 ) = 8.37×1024. Each molecule has ten protons, so the total positive charge is Q = (8.37×1024 )(10)(1.60×10−19 C) = 1.34×107 C. E25-30 The total positive charge in 0.250 kg of water is 1.34×107 C.
Mary’s imbalance is then q1 = (52.0)(4)(1.34×107 C)(0.0001) = 2.79×105 C, while John’s imbalance is q2 = (90.7)(4)(1.34×107 C)(0.0001) = 4.86×105 C, The electrostatic force of attraction is then F = 1 4π 0 q1q2 r2 = (8.99×109 N m2 /C2 ) (2.79×105 )(4.86×105 ) (28.0 m)2 = 1.6×1018 N. 9 • E25-31 (a) The gravitational force of attraction between the Moon and the Earth is FG = GMEMM R2, where R is the distance between them. If both the Earth and the moon are provided a charge q, then the electrostatic repulsion would be FE = 1 4π 0 q2 R2. Setting these two expression equal to each other, q2 4π 0 = GMEMM, which has solution q = 4π 0GMEMM, = 4π(8.85×10−12C2/Nm2)(6.67×10−11Nm2/kg2 )(5.98×1024kg)(7.36×1022kg), = 5.71 × 1013 C. (b) We need (5.71 × 1013 C)/(1.60 × 10−19 C) = 3.57 × 1032 protons on each body. The mass of protons needed is then (3.57 × 1032 )(1.67 × 10−27 kg) = 5.97 × 1065 kg. Ignoring the mass of the electron (why not?) we can assume that hydrogen is all protons, so we need that much hydrogen.
P25-1 Assume that the spheres initially have charges q1 and q2. The force of attraction between them is F1 = 1 4π 0 q1q2 r2 12 = −0.108 N, where r12 = 0.500 m. The net charge is q1 + q2, and after the conducting wire is connected each sphere will get half of the total. The spheres will have the same charge, and repel with a force of F2 = 1 4π 0 1 2 (q1 + q2)1 2 (q1 + q2) r2 12 = 0.0360 N. Since we know the separation of the spheres we can find q1 + q2 quickly, q1 + q2 = 2 4π 0r2 12(0.0360 N) = 2.00 µC We’ll put this back into the first expression and solve for q2. −0.108 N = 1 4π 0 (2.00 µC − q2)q2 r2 12, −3.00 × 10−12 C2 = (2.00 µC − q2)q2, 0 = −q2 2 + (2.00 µC)q2 + (1.73 µC)2. The solution is q2 = 3.0 µC or q2 = −1.0 µC.
Then q1 = −1.0 µC or q1 = 3.0 µC. 10 • P25-2 The electrostatic force on Q from each q has magnitude qQ/4π 0a2, where a is the length of the side of the square. The magnitude of the vertical (horizontal) component of the force of Q on Q is √ 2Q2 /16π 0a2. (a) In order to have a zero net force on Q the magnitudes of the two contributions must balance, so √ 2Q2 16π 0a2 = qQ 4π 0a2, or q = √ 2Q/4. The charges must actually have opposite charge.
P25-3 (a) The third charge, q3, will be between the first two. The net force on the third charge will be zero if 1 4π 0 q q3 r2 31 = 1 4π 0 4q q3 r2 32, which will occur if 1 r31 = 2 r32 The total distance is L, so r31 + r32 = L, or r31 = L/3 and r32 = 2L/3. Now that we have found the position of the third charge we need to find the magnitude. The second and third charges both exert a force on the first charge; we want this net force on the first charge to be zero, so 1 4π 0 q q3 r2 13 = 1 4π 0 q 4q r2 12, or q3 (L/3)2 = 4q L2, which has solution q3 = −4q/9.
The negative sign is because the force between the first and second charge must be in the opposite direction to the force between the first and third charge. (b) Consider what happens to the net force on the middle charge if is is displaced a small distance z. If the charge 3 is moved toward charge 1 then the force of attraction with charge 1 will increase. But moving charge 3 closer to charge 1 means moving charge 3 away from charge 2, so the force of attraction between charge 3 and charge 2 will decrease. So charge 3 experiences more attraction to ward the charge that it moves toward, and less attraction to the charge it moves away from.
Sounds unstable to me. P25-4 (a) The electrostatic force on the charge on the right has magnitude F = q2 4π 0x2, The weight of the ball is W = mg, and the two forces are related by F/W = tan θ ≈ sin θ = x/2L. Combining, 2Lq2 = 4π 0mgx3, so x = q2 L 2π 0 1/3. (b) Rearrange and solve for q, q = 2π(8.85×10−12C2/N m2)(0.0112 kg)(9.81 m/s2)(4.70×10−2m)3 (1.22 m) = 2.28×10−8 C. 11 • P25-5 (a) Originally the balls would not repel, so they would move together and touch; after touching the balls would “split” the charge ending up with q/2 each. They would then repel again. (b) The new equilibrium separation is x = (q/2)2 L 2π 0mg 1/3 = 1 4 1/3 x = 2.96 cm.
P25-6 Take the time derivative of the expression in Problem 25-4. Then dx dt = 2 3 x q dq dt = 2 3 (4.70×10−2 m) (2.28×10−8C) (−1.20×10−9 C/s) = 1.65×10−3 m/s.
P25-7 The force between the two charges is F = 1 4π 0 (Q − q)q r2 12. We want to maximize this force with respect to variation in q, this means finding dF/dq and setting it equal to 0. Then dF dq = d dq 1 4π 0 (Q − q)q r2 12 = 1 4π 0 Q − 2q r2 12. This will vanish if Q − 2q = 0, or q = 1 2 Q.
P25-8 Displace the charge q a distance y. The net restoring force on q will be approximately F ≈ 2 qQ 4π 0 1 (d/2)2 y (d/2) = qQ 4π 0 16 d3 y.
Since F/y is effectively a force constant, the period of oscillation is T = 2π m k = 0mπ3 d3 qQ 1/2. P25-9 Displace the charge q a distance x toward one of the positive charges Q. The net restoring force on q will be F = qQ 4π 0 1 (d/2 − x)2 − 1 (d/2 + x)2, ≈ qQ 4π 0 32 d3 x.
Since F/x is effectively a force constant, the period of oscillation is T = 2π m k = 0mπ3 d3 2qQ 1/2. 12 • P25-10 (a) Zero, by symmetry. (b) Removing a positive Cesium ion is equivalent to adding a singly charged negative ion at that same location. The net force is then F = e2 /4π 0r2, where r is the distance between the Chloride ion and the newly placed negative ion, or r = 3(0.20×10−9m)2 The force is then F = (1.6×10−19 C)2 4π(8.85×10−12C2/N m2)3(0.20×10−9m)2 = 1.92×10−9 N. P25-11 We can pretend that this problem is in a single plane containing all three charges. The magnitude of the force on the test charge q0 from the charge q on the left is Fl = 1 4π 0 q q0 (a2 + R2).
A force of identical magnitude exists from the charge on the right. We need to add these two forces as vectors.
Only the components along R will survive, and each force will contribute an amount Fl sin θ = Fl R √ R2 + a2, so the net force on the test particle will be 2 4π 0 q q0 (a2 + R2) R √ R2 + a2. We want to find the maximum value as a function of R. This means take the derivative, and set it equal to zero. The derivative is 2q q0 4π 0 1 (a2 + R2)3/2 − 3R2 (a2 + R2)5/2, which will vanish when a2 + R2 = 3R2, a simple quadratic equation with solutions R = ±a/ √ 2. 13 • E26-1 E = F/q = ma/q.
Then E = (9.11×10−31 kg)(1.84×109 m/s2 )/(1.60×10−19 C) = 1.05×10−2 N/C. E26-2 The answers to (a) and (b) are the same! F = Eq = (3.0×106 N/C)(1.60×10−19 C) = 4.8×10−13 N. E26-3 F = W, or Eq = mg, so E = mg q = (6.64 × 10−27 kg)(9.81 m/s2 ) 2(1.60 × 10−19 C) = 2.03 × 10−7 N/C.
The alpha particle has a positive charge, this means that it will experience an electric force which is in the same direction as the electric field. Since the gravitational force is down, the electric force, and consequently the electric field, must be directed up.
E26-4 (a) E = F/q = (3.0×10−6 N)/(2.0×10−9 C) = 1.5×103 N/C. (b) F = Eq = (1.5×103 N/C)(1.60×10−19 C) = 2.4×10−16 N. (c) F = mg = (1.67×10−27 kg)(9.81 m/s2 ) = 1.6×10−26 N. (d) (2.4×10−16 N)/(1.6×10−26 N) = 1.5×1010. E26-5 Rearrange E = q/4π 0r2, q = 4π(8.85×10−12 C2 /N m2 )(0.750 m)2 (2.30 N/C) = 1.44×10−10 C. E26-6 p = qd = (1.60×10−19 C)(4.30×10−9 ) = 6.88×10−28 C m. E26-7 Use Eq.
26-12 for points along the perpendicular bisector. Then E = 1 4π 0 p x3 = (8.99 × 109 N m2 /C2 ) (3.56 × 10−29 C m) (25.4 × 10−9 m)3 = 1.95 × 104 N/C. E26-8 If the charges on the line x = a where +q and −q instead of +2q and −2q then at the center of the square E = 0 by symmetry. This simplifies the problem into finding E for a charge +q at (a, 0) and −q at (a, a).
This is a dipole, and the field is given by Eq. For this exercise we have x = a/2 and d = a, so E = 1 4π 0 qa [2(a/2)2]3/2, or, putting in the numbers, E = 1.11×105 N/C. E26-9 The charges at 1 and 7 are opposite and can be effectively replaced with a single charge of −6q at 7. The same is true for 2 and 8, 3 and 9, on up to 6 and 12. By symmetry we expect the field to point along a line so that three charges are above and three below. That would mean 9:30.
E26-10 If both charges are positive then Eq. 26-10 would read E = 2E+ sin θ, and Eq. 26-11 would look like E = 2 1 4π 0 q x2 + (d/2)2 x x2 + (d/2)2, ≈ 2 1 4π 0 q x2 x √ x2 when x d. This can be simplified to E = 2q/4π 0x2. 14 • E26-11 Treat the two charges on the left as one dipole and treat the two charges on the right as a second dipole. Point P is on the perpendicular bisector of both dipoles, so we can use Eq. 26-12 to find the two fields.
For the dipole on the left p = 2aq and the electric field due to this dipole at P has magnitude El = 1 4π 0 2aq (x + a)3 and is directed up. For the dipole on the right p = 2aq and the electric field due to this dipole at P has magnitude Er = 1 4π 0 2aq (x − a)3 and is directed down. The net electric field at P is the sum of these two fields, but since the two component fields point in opposite directions we must actually subtract these values, E = Er − El, = 2aq 4π 0 1 (x − a)3 − 1 (x + a)3, = aq 2π 0 1 x3 1 (1 − a/x)3 − 1 (1 + a/x)3.
We can use the binomial expansion on the terms containing 1 ± a/x, E ≈ aq 2π 0 1 x3 ((1 + 3a/x) − (1 − 3a/x)), = aq 2π 0 1 x3 (6a/x), = 3(2qa2 ) 2π 0x4. E26-12 Do a series expansion on the part in the parentheses 1 − 1 1 + R2/z2 ≈ 1 − 1 − 1 2 R2 z2 = R2 2z2. Substitute this in, Ez ≈ σ 2 0 R2 2z2 π π = Q 4π 0z2. E26-13 At the surface z = 0 and Ez = σ/2 0. Half of this value occurs when z is given by 1 2 = 1 − z √ z2 + R2, which can be written as z2 + R2 = (2z)2.
Solve this, and z = R/ √ 3. E26-14 Look at Eq.
The electric field will be a maximum when z/(z2 + R2 )3/2 is a maximum. Take the derivative of this with respect to z, and get 1 (z2 + R2)3/2 − 3 2 2z2 (z2 + R2)5/2 = z2 + R2 − 3z2 (z2 + R2)5/2. This will vanish when the numerator vanishes, or when z = R/ √ 2. 15 • E26-15 (a) The electric field strength just above the center surface of a charged disk is given by Eq. 26-19, but with z = 0, E = σ 2 0 The surface charge density is σ = q/A = q/(πR2 ). Combining, q = 2 0πR2 E = 2(8.85 × 10−12 C2 /N m2 )π(2.5 × 10−2 m)2 (3 × 106 N/C) = 1.04 × 10−7 C. Notice we used an electric field strength of E = 3 × 106 N/C, which is the field at air breaks down and sparks happen.
(b) We want to find out how many atoms are on the surface; if a is the cross sectional area of one atom, and N the number of atoms, then A = Na is the surface area of the disk. The number of atoms is N = A a = π(0.0250 m)2 (0.015 × 10−18 m2) = 1.31 × 1017 (c) The total charge on the disk is 1.04 × 10−7 C, this corresponds to (1.04 × 10−7 C)/(1.6 × 10−19 C) = 6.5 × 1011 electrons. (We are ignoring the sign of the charge here.) If each surface atom can have at most one excess electron, then the fraction of atoms which are charged is (6.5 × 1011 )/(1.31 × 1017 ) = 4.96 × 10−6, which isn’t very many. E26-16 Imagine switching the positive and negative charges. The electric field would also need to switch directions.
By symmetry, then, the electric field can only point vertically down. Keeping only that component, E = 2 π/2 0 1 4π 0 λdθ r2 sin θ, = 2 4π 0 λ r2.
But λ = q/(π/2), so E = q/π2 0r2. E26-17 We want to fit the data to Eq. 26-19, Ez = σ 2 0 1 − z √ z2 + R2. There are only two variables, R and q, with q = σπR2. We can find σ very easily if we assume that the measurements have no error because then at the surface (where z = 0), the expression for the electric field simplifies to E = σ 2 0.
Then σ = 2 0E = 2(8.854 × 10−12 C2 /N m2 )(2.043 × 107 N/C) = 3.618 × 10−4 C/m2. Finding the radius will take a little more work. We can choose one point, and make that the reference point, and then solve for R. Starting with Ez = σ 2 0 1 − z √ z2 + R2, 16 • and then rearranging, 2 0Ez σ = 1 − z √ z2 + R2, 2 0Ez σ = 1 − 1 1 + (R/z)2, 1 1 + (R/z)2 = 1 − 2 0Ez σ, 1 + (R/z)2 = 1 (1 − 2 0Ez/σ) 2, R z = 1 (1 − 2 0Ez/σ) 2 − 1.
Using z = 0.03 m and Ez = 1.187 × 107 N/C, along with our value of σ = 3.618 × 10−4 C/m2, we find R z = 1 (1 − 2(8.854×10−12C2/Nm2)(1.187×107N/C)/(3.618×10−4C/m2)) 2 − 1, R = 2.167(0.03 m) = 0.065 m. (b) And now find the charge from the charge density and the radius, q = πR2 σ = π(0.065 m)2 (3.618 × 10−4 C/m2 ) = 4.80 µC. E26-18 (a) λ = −q/L.
(b) Integrate: E = L+a a 1 4π 0 λ dxx2, = λ 4π 0 1 a − 1 L + a, = q 4π 0 1 a(L + a), since λ = q/L. (c) If a L then L can be replaced with 0 in the above expression.
E26-19 A sketch of the field looks like this. 17 • E26-20 (a) F = Eq = (40 N/C)(1.60×10−19 C) = 6.4×10−18 N (b) Lines are twice as far apart, so the field is half as large, or E = 20N/C. E26-21 Consider a view of the disk on edge.
E26-22 A sketch of the field looks like this. 18 • E26-23 To the right. E26-24 (a) The electric field is zero nearer to the smaller charge; since the charges have opposite signs it must be to the right of the +2q charge. Equating the magnitudes of the two fields, 2q 4π 0x2 = 5q 4π 0(x + a)2, or √ 5x = √ 2(x + a), which has solution x = √ 2 a √ 5 − √ 2 = 2.72a.
E26-25 This can be done quickly with a spreadsheet. D x E E26-26 (a) At point A, E = 1 4π 0 − q d2 − −2q (2d)2 = 1 4π 0 −q 2d2, 19 • where the negative sign indicates that E is directed to the left. At point B, E = 1 4π 0 q (d/2)2 − −2q (d/2)2 = 1 4π 0 6q d2, where the positive sign indicates that E is directed to the right. At point C, E = 1 4π 0 q (2d)2 + −2q d2 = 1 4π 0 −7q 4d2, where the negative sign indicates that E is directed to the left. E26-27 (a) The electric field does (negative) work on the electron. The magnitude of this work is W = Fd, where F = Eq is the magnitude of the electric force on the electron and d is the distance through which the electron moves.
Combining, W = F d = qE d, which gives the work done by the electric field on the electron. The electron originally possessed a kinetic energy of K = 1 2 mv2, since we want to bring the electron to a rest, the work done must be negative. The charge q of the electron is negative, so E and d are pointing in the same direction, and E d = Ed. By the work energy theorem, W = ∆K = 0 − 1 2 mv2. We put all of this together and find d, d = W qE = −mv2 2qE = −(9.11×10−31 kg)(4.86 × 106 m/s)2 2(−1.60×10−19C)(1030 N/C) = 0.0653 m. (b) Eq = ma gives the magnitude of the acceleration, and vf = vi + at gives the time.
Combining these expressions, t = − mvi Eq = − (9.11×10−31 kg)(4.86 × 106 m/s) (1030 N/C)(−1.60×10−19C) = 2.69×10−8 s. (c) We will apply the work energy theorem again, except now we don’t assume the final kinetic energy is zero. Instead, W = ∆K = Kf − Ki, and dividing through by the initial kinetic energy to get the fraction lost, W Ki = Kf − Ki Ki = fractional change of kinetic energy.
But Ki = 1 2 mv2, and W = qEd, so the fractional change is W Ki = qEd 1 2 mv2 = (−1.60×10−19 C)(1030 N/C)(7.88×10−3 m) 1 2 (9.11×10−31kg)(4.86 × 106 m/s)2 = −12.1%. E26-28 (a) a = Eq/m = (2.16×104 N/C)(1.60×10−19 C)/(1.67×10−27 kg) = 2.07×1012 m/s2. (b) v = √ 2ax = 2(2.07×1012m/s2)(1.22×10−2m) = 2.25×105 m/s.
20 • E26-29 (a) E = 2q/4π 0r2, or E = (1.88×10−7 C) 2π(8.85×10−12C2/N m2)(0.152 m/2)2 = 5.85×105 N/C. (b) F = Eq = (5.85×105 N/C)(1.60×10−19 C) = 9.36×10−14 N.
E26-30 (a) The average speed between the plates is (1.95×10−2 m)/(14.7×10−9 s) = 1.33×106 m/s. The speed with which the electron hits the plate is twice this, or 2.65×106 m/s. (b) The acceleration is a = (2.65×106 m/s)/(14.7×10−9 s) = 1.80×1014 m/s2.
The electric field then has magnitude E = ma/q, or E = (9.11×10−31 kg)(1.80×1014 m/s2 )/(1.60×10−19 C) = 1.03×103 N/C. E26-31 The drop is balanced if the electric force is equal to the force of gravity, or Eq = mg. The mass of the drop is given in terms of the density by m = ρV = ρ 4 3 πr3.
Combining, q = mg E = 4πρr3 g 3E = 4π(851 kg/m3 )(1.64×10−6 m)3 (9.81 m/s2 ) 3(1.92×105N/C) = 8.11×10−19 C. We want the charge in terms of e, so we divide, and get q e = (8.11×10−19 C) (1.60×10−19C) = 5.07 ≈ 5. E26-32 (b) F = (8.99×109 N m2 /C2 )(2.16×10−6 C)(85.3×10−9 C)/(0.117m)2 = 0.121 N. (a) E2 = F/q1 = (0.121 N)/(2.16×10−6 C) = 5.60×104 N/C. E1 = F/q2 = (0.121 N)/(85.3×10−9 C) = 1.42×106 N/C.
E26-33 If each value of q measured by Millikan was a multiple of e, then the difference between any two values of q must also be a multiple of q. The smallest difference would be the smallest multiple, and this multiple might be unity. The differences are 1.641, 1.63, 1.60, 1.63, 3.30, 3.35, 3.18, 3.24, all times 10−19 C. This is a pretty clear indication that the fundamental charge is on the order of 1.6×10−19 C.
If so, the likely number of fundamental charges on each of the drops is shown below in a table arranged like the one in the book: 4 8 12 5 10 14 7 11 16 The total number of charges is 87, while the total charge is 142.69 × 10−19 C, so the average charge per quanta is 1.64 × 10−19 C. 21 • E26-34 Because of the electric field the acceleration toward the ground of a charged particle is not g, but g ± Eq/m, where the sign depends on the direction of the electric field. (a) If the lower plate is positively charged then a = g−Eq/m. Replace g in the pendulum period expression by this, and then T = 2π L g − Eq/m. (b) If the lower plate is negatively charged then a = g + Eq/m.
Replace g in the pendulum period expression by this, and then T = 2π L g + Eq/m. E26-35 The ink drop travels an additional time t = d/vx, where d is the additional horizontal distance between the plates and the paper. During this time it travels an additional vertical distance y = vyt, where vy = at = 2y/t = 2yvx/L. Combining, y = 2yvxt L = 2yd L = 2(6.4×10−4 m)(6.8×10−3 m) (1.6×10−2m) = 5.44×10−4 m, so the total deflection is y + y = 1.18×10−3 m. E26-36 (a) p = (1.48×10−9 C)(6.23×10−6 m) = 9.22×10−15 C m.
(b) ∆U = 2pE = 2(9.22×10−15 C m)(1100 N/C) = 2.03×10−11 J. E26-37 Use τ = pE sin θ, where θ is the angle between p and E.
For this dipole p = qd = 2ed or p = 2(1.6 × 10−19 C)(0.78 × 10−9 m) = 2.5 × 10−28 C m. For all three cases pE = (2.5 × 10−28 C m)(3.4 × 106 N/C) = 8.5 × 10−22 N m. The only thing we care about is the angle. (a) For the parallel case θ = 0, so sin θ = 0, and τ = 0. (b) For the perpendicular case θ = 90◦, so sin θ = 1, and τ = 8.5 × 10−22 N m.
(c) For the anti-parallel case θ = 180◦, so sin θ = 0, and τ = 0. E26-38 (c) Equal and opposite, or 5.22×10−16 N. 26-12 and F = Eq. Then p = 4π 0x3 F q, = 4π(8.85×10−12 C2 /N m2 )(0.285m)3 (5.22×10−16 N) (3.16×10−6C), = 4.25×10−22 C m. E26-39 The point-like nucleus contributes an electric field E+ = 1 4π 0 Ze r2, while the uniform sphere of negatively charged electron cloud of radius R contributes an electric field given by Eq. 26-24, E− = 1 4π 0 −Zer R3.
22 • The net electric field is just the sum, E = Ze 4π 0 1 r2 − r R3 E26-40 The shell theorem first described for gravitation in chapter 14 is applicable here since both electric forces and gravitational forces fall off as 1/r2. The net positive charge inside the sphere of radius d/2 is given by Q = 2e(d/2)3 /R3 = ed3 /4R3.
The net force on either electron will be zero when e2 d2 = eQ (d/2)2 = 4e2 d2 d3 4R3 = e2 d R3, which has solution d = R. P26-1 (a) Let the positive charge be located closer to the point in question, then the electric field from the positive charge is E+ = 1 4π 0 q (x − d/2)2 and is directed away from the dipole. The negative charge is located farther from the point in question, so E− = 1 4π 0 q (x + d/2)2 and is directed toward the dipole. The net electric field is the sum of these two fields, but since the two component fields point in opposite direction we must actually subtract these values, E = E+ − E−, = 1 4π 0 q (z − d/2)2 − 1 4π 0 q (z + d/2)2, = 1 4π 0 q z2 1 (1 − d/2z)2 − 1 (1 + d/2z)2 We can use the binomial expansion on the terms containing 1 ± d/2z, E ≈ 1 4π 0 q z2 ((1 + d/z) − (1 − d/z)), = 1 2π 0 qd z3 (b) The electric field is directed away from the positive charge when you are closer to the positive charge; the electric field is directed toward the negative charge when you are closer to the negative charge. In short, along the axis the electric field is directed in the same direction as the dipole moment. P26-2 The key to this problem will be the expansion of 1 (x2 + (z ± d/2)2)3/2 ≈ 1 (x2 + z2)3/2 1 3 2 zd x2 + z2.
23 • for d √ x2 + z2. Far from the charges the electric field of the positive charge has magnitude E+ = 1 4π 0 q x2 + (z − d/2)2, the components of this are Ex,+ = 1 4π 0 q x2 + z2 x x2 + (z − d/2)2, Ez,+ = 1 4π 0 q x2 + z2 (z − d/2) x2 + (z − d/2)2. Expand both according to the first sentence, then Ex,+ ≈ 1 4π 0 xq (x2 + z2)3/2 1 + 3 2 zd x2 + z2, Ez,+ = 1 4π 0 (z − d/2)q (x2 + z2)3/2 1 + 3 2 zd x2 + z2. Similar expression exist for the negative charge, except we must replace q with −q and the + in the parentheses with a −, and z − d/2 with z + d/2 in the Ez expression.
All that is left is to add the expressions. Then Ex = 1 4π 0 xq (x2 + z2)3/2 1 + 3 2 zd x2 + z2 + 1 4π 0 −xq (x2 + z2)3/2 1 − 3 2 zd x2 + z2, = 1 4π 0 3xqzd (x2 + z2)5/2, Ez = 1 4π 0 (z − d/2)q (x2 + z2)3/2 1 + 3 2 zd x2 + z2 + 1 4π 0 −(z + d/2)q (x2 + z2)3/2 1 − 3 2 zd x2 + z2, = 1 4π 0 3z2 dq (x2 + z2)5/2 − 1 4π 0 dq (x2 + z2)3/2, = 1 4π 0 (2z2 − x2 )dq (x2 + z2)5/2. P26-3 (a) Each point on the ring is a distance √ z2 + R2 from the point on the axis in question. Since all points are equal distant and subtend the same angle from the axis then the top half of the ring contributes E1z = q1 4π 0(x2 + R2) z √ z2 + R2, while the bottom half contributes a similar expression.
Add, and Ez = q1 + q2 4π 0 z (z2 + R2)3/2 = q 4π 0 z (z2 + R2)3/2, which is identical to Eq. (b) The perpendicular component would be zero if q1 = q2. It isn’t, so it must be the difference q1 − q2 which is of interest. Assume this charge difference is evenly distributed on the top half of the ring. If it is a positive difference, then E⊥ must point down. We are only interested then in the vertical component as we integrate around the top half of the ring. Then E⊥ = π 0 1 4π 0 (q1 − q2)/π z2 + R2 cos θ dθ, = q1 − q2 2π2 0 1 z2 + R2.
24 • P26-4 Use the approximation 1/(z ± d)2 ≈ (1/z2 )(1 2d/z + 3d2 /z2 ). Add the contributions: E = 1 4π 0 q (z + d)2 − 2q z2 + q (z − d)2, ≈ q 4π 0z2 1 − 2d z + 3d2 z2 − 2 + 1 + 2d z + 3d2 z2, = q 4π 0z2 6d2 z2 = 3Q 4π 0z4, where Q = 2qd2. P26-5 A monopole field falls off as 1/r2. A dipole field falls off as 1/r3, and consists of two oppositely charge monopoles close together. A quadrupole field (see Exercise 11 above or read Problem 4) falls off as 1/r4 and (can) consist of two otherwise identical dipoles arranged with anti- parallel dipole moments. Just taking a leap of faith it seems as if we can construct a 1/r6 field behavior by extending the reasoning. First we need an octopole which is constructed from a quadrupole.
We want to keep things as simple as possible, so the construction steps are 1. The monopole is a charge +q at x = 0. The dipole is a charge +q at x = 0 and a charge −q at x = a.
We’ll call this a dipole at x = a/2 3. The quadrupole is the dipole at x = a/2, and a second dipole pointing the other way at x = −a/2. The charges are then −q at x = −a, +2q at x = 0, and −q at x = a. The octopole will be two stacked, offset quadrupoles. There will be −q at x = −a, +3q at x = 0, −3q at x = a, and +q at x = 2a. Finally, our distribution with a far field behavior of 1/r6.
There will be +q at x = 2a, −4q at x = −a, +6q at x = 0, −4q at x = a, and +q at x = 2a. P26-6 The vertical component of E is simply half of Eq. The horizontal component is given by a variation of the work required to derive Eq.
26-16, dEz = dE sin θ = 1 4π 0 λ dz y2 + z2 z y2 + z2, which integrates to zero if the limits are −∞ to +∞, but in this case, Ez = ∞ 0 dEz = λ 4π 0 1 z. Since the vertical and horizontal components are equal then E makes an angle of 45◦.
P26-7 (a) Swap all positive and negative charges in the problem and the electric field must reverse direction. But this is the same as flipping the problem over; consequently, the electric field must point parallel to the rod. This only holds true at point P, because point P doesn’t move when you flip the rod. 25 • (b) We are only interested in the vertical component of the field as contributed from each point on the rod.
We can integrate only half of the rod and double the answer, so we want to evaluate Ez = 2 L/2 0 1 4π 0 λ dz y2 + z2 z y2 + z2, = 2λ 4π 0 (L/2)2 + y2 − y y (L/2)2 + y2. (c) The previous expression is exact. If y L, then the expression simplifies with a Taylor expansion to Ez = λ 4π 0 L2 y3, which looks similar to a dipole. P26-8 Evaluate E = R 0 1 4π 0 z dq (z2 + r2)3/2, where r is the radius of the ring, z the distance to the plane of the ring, and dq the differential charge on the ring. But r2 + z2 = R2, and dq = σ(2πr dr), where σ = q/2πR2. Then E = R 0 q 4π 0 √ R2 − r2 r dr R5, = q 4π 0 1 3R2. P26-9 The key statement is the second italicized paragraph on page 595; the number of field lines through a unit cross-sectional area is proportional to the electric field strength.
If the exponent is n, then the electric field strength a distance r from a point charge is E = kq rn, and the total cross sectional area at a distance r is the area of a spherical shell, 4πr2. Then the number of field lines through the shell is proportional to EA = kq rn 4πr2 = 4πkqr2−n. Note that the number of field lines varies with r if n = 2. This means that as we go farther from the point charge we need more and more field lines (or fewer and fewer). But the field lines can only start on charges, and we don’t have any except for the point charge.
We have a problem; we really do need n = 2 if we want workable field lines. P26-10 The distance traveled by the electron will be d1 = a1t2 /2; the distance traveled by the proton will be d2 = a2t2 /2. A1 and a2 are related by m1a1 = m2a2, since the electric force is the same (same charge magnitude). Then d1 + d2 = (a1 + a2)t2 /2 is the 5.00 cm distance. Divide by the proton distance, and then d1 + d2 d2 = a1 + a2 a2 = m2 m1 + 1. Then d2 = (5.00×10−2 m)/(1.67×10−27 /9.11×10−31 + 1) = 2.73×10−5 m.
26 • P26-11 This is merely a fancy projectile motion problem. Vx = v0 cos θ while vy,0 = v0 sin θ. The x and y positions are x = vxt and y = 1 2 at2 + vy,0t = ax2 2v2 0 cos2 θ + x tan θ. The acceleration of the electron is vertically down and has a magnitude of a = F m = Eq m = (1870 N/C)(1.6×10−19 C) (9.11×10−31kg) = 3.284×1014 m/s2. We want to find out how the vertical velocity of the electron at the location of the top plate.
If we get an imaginary answer, then the electron doesn’t get as high as the top plate. Vy = vy,0 2 + 2a∆y, = (5.83×106m/s)2 sin(39◦)2 + 2(−3.284×1014m/s2)(1.97×10−2m), = 7.226×105 m/s. This is a real answer, so this means the electron either hits the top plate, or it misses both plates.
The time taken to reach the height of the top plate is t = ∆vy a = (7.226×105 m/s) − (5.83×106 m/s) sin(39◦ ) (−3.284×1014m/s2) = 8.972×10−9 s. In this time the electron has moved a horizontal distance of x = (5.83×106 m/s) cos(39◦ )(8.972×10−9 s) = 4.065×10−2 m. This is clearly on the upper plate. P26-12 Near the center of the ring z R, so a Taylor expansion yields E = λ 2 0 z R2. The force on the electron is F = Ee, so the effective “spring” constant is k = eλ/2 0R2.
This means ω = k m = eλ 2 0mR2 = eq 4π 0mR3. P26-13 U = −pE cos θ, so the work required to flip the dipole is W = −pE [cos(θ0 + π) − cos θ0] = 2pE cos θ0.
P26-14 If the torque on a system is given by τ = κθ, where κ is a constant, then the frequency of oscillation of the system is f = κ/I/2π. In this case τ = pE sin θ ≈ pEθ, so f = pE/I/2π. 27 • P26-15 Use the a variation of the exact result from Problem 26-1. The two charge are positive, but since we will eventually focus on the area between the charges we must subtract the two field contributions, since they point in opposite directions. Then Ez = q 4π 0 1 (z − a/2)2 − 1 (z + a/2)2 and then take the derivative, dEz dz = − q 2π 0 1 (z − a/2)3 − 1 (z + a/2)3. Applying the binomial expansion for points z a, dEz dz = − 8q 2π 0 1 a3 1 (2z/a − 1)3 − 1 (2z/a + 1)3, ≈ − 8q 2π 0 1 a3 (−(1 + 6z/a) − (1 − 6z/a)), = 8q π 0 1 a3. There were some fancy sign flips in the second line, so review those steps carefully!
(b) The electrostatic force on a dipole is the difference in the magnitudes of the electrostatic forces on the two charges that make up the dipole. Near the center of the above charge arrangement the electric field behaves as Ez ≈ Ez(0) + dEz dz z=0 z + higher ordered terms.
The net force on a dipole is F+ − F− = q(E+ − E−) = q Ez(0) + dEz dz z=0 z+ − Ez(0) − dEz dz z=0 z− where the “+” and “-” subscripts refer to the locations of the positive and negative charges. This last line can be simplified to yield q dEz dz z=0 (z+ − z−) = qd dEz dz z=0. 28 • E27-1 ΦE = (1800 N/C)(3.2×10−3 m)2 cos(145◦ ) = −7.8×10−3 N m2 /C. E27-2 The right face has an area element given by A = (1.4 m)2ˆj.
(a) ΦE = A E = (2.0 m2 )ˆj (6 N/C)ˆi = 0. (b) ΦE = (2.0 m2 )ˆj (−2 N/C)ˆj = −4N m2 /C. (c) ΦE = (2.0 m2 )ˆj [(−3 N/C)ˆi + (4 N/C)ˆk] = 0.
(d) In each case the field is uniform so we can simply evaluate ΦE = E A, where A has six parts, one for every face. The faces, however, have the same size but are organized in pairs with opposite directions. These will cancel, so the total flux is zero in all three cases. E27-3 (a) The flat base is easy enough, since according to Eq. 27-7, ΦE = E dA. There are two important facts to consider in order to integrate this expression.
E is parallel to the axis of the hemisphere, E points inward while dA points outward on the flat base. E is uniform, so it is everywhere the same on the flat base.
Since E is anti-parallel to dA, E dA = −E dA, then ΦE = E dA = − E dA. Since E is uniform we can simplify this as ΦE = − E dA = −E dA = −EA = −πR2 E. The last steps are just substituting the area of a circle for the flat side of the hemisphere. (b) We must first sort out the dot product dA E θ φ R We can simplify the vector part of the problem with E dA = cos θE dA, so ΦE = E dA = cos θE dA Once again, E is uniform, so we can take it out of the integral, ΦE = cos θE dA = E cos θ dA Finally, dA = (R dθ)(R sin θ dφ) on the surface of a sphere centered on R = 0. 29 • We’ll integrate φ around the axis, from 0 to 2π. We’ll integrate θ from the axis to the equator, from 0 to π/2. Then ΦE = E cos θ dA = E 2π 0 π/2 0 R2 cos θ sin θ dθ dφ.
Pulling out the constants, doing the φ integration, and then writing 2 cos θ sin θ as sin(2θ), ΦE = 2πR2 E π/2 0 cos θ sin θ dθ = πR2 E π/2 0 sin(2θ) dθ, Change variables and let β = 2θ, then we have ΦE = πR2 E π 0 sin β 1 2 dβ = πR2 E. E27-4 Through S1, ΦE = q/ 0. Through S2, ΦE = −q/ 0. Through S3, ΦE = q/ 0. Through S4, ΦE = 0. Through S5, ΦE = q/ 0. 27-8, ΦE = q 0 = (1.84 µC) (8.85×10−12 C2/N m2) = 2.08×105 N m2 /C.
E27-6 The total flux through the sphere is ΦE = (−1 + 2 − 3 + 4 − 5 + 6)(×103 N m2 /C) = 3×103 N m2 /C. The charge inside the die is (8.85×10−12 C2 /N m2 )(3×103 N m2 /C) = 2.66×10−8 C. E27-7 The total flux through a cube would be q/ 0.
Since the charge is in the center of the cube we expect that the flux through any side would be the same, or 1/6 of the total flux. Hence the flux through the square surface is q/6 0. E27-8 If the electric field is uniform then there are no free charges near (or inside) the net. The flux through the netting must be equal to, but opposite in sign, from the flux through the opening. The flux through the opening is Eπa2, so the flux through the netting is −Eπa2.
E27-9 There is no flux through the sides of the cube. The flux through the top of the cube is (−58 N/C)(100 m)2 = −5.8×105 N m2 /C. The flux through the bottom of the cube is (110 N/C)(100 m)2 = 1.1×106 N m2 /C. The total flux is the sum, so the charge contained in the cube is q = (8.85×10−12 C2 /N m2 )(5.2×105 N m2 /C) = 4.60×10−6 C.
E27-10 (a) There is only a flux through the right and left faces. Through the right face ΦR = (2.0 m2 )ˆj (3 N/C m)(1.4 m)ˆj = 8.4 N m2 /C. The flux through the left face is zero because y = 0. 30 • E27-11 There are eight cubes which can be “wrapped” around the charge. Each cube has three external faces that are indistinguishable for a total of twenty-four faces, each with the same flux ΦE. The total flux is q/ 0, so the flux through one face is ΦE = q/24 0.
Note that this is the flux through faces opposite the charge; for faces which touch the charge the electric field is parallel to the surface, so the flux would be zero. E27-12 Use Eq. 27-11, λ = 2π 0rE = 2π(8.85×10−12 C2 /N m2 )(1.96 m)(4.52×104 N/C) = 4.93×10−6 C/m. E27-13 (a) q = σA = (2.0×10−6 C/m2 )π(0.12 m)(0.42 m) = 3.17×10−7 C. (b) The charge density will be the same! Q = σA = (2.0 × 10−6 C/m2 )π(0.08 m)(0.28 m) = 1.41×10−7 C. E27-14 The electric field from the sheet on the left is of magnitude El = σ/2 0, and points directly away from the sheet.
The magnitude of the electric field from the sheet on the right is the same, but it points directly away from the sheet on the right. (a) To the left of the sheets the two fields add since they point in the same direction. This means that the electric field is E = −(σ/ 0)ˆi. (b) Between the sheets the two electric fields cancel, so E = 0.
(c) To the right of the sheets the two fields add since they point in the same direction. This means that the electric field is E = (σ/ 0)ˆi. E27-15 The electric field from the plate on the left is of magnitude El = σ/2 0, and points directly toward the plate. The magnitude of the electric field from the plate on the right is the same, but it points directly away from the plate on the right. (a) To the left of the plates the two fields cancel since they point in the opposite directions. This means that the electric field is E = 0. (b) Between the plates the two electric fields add since they point in the same direction.
This means that the electric field is E = −(σ/ 0)ˆi. (c) To the right of the plates the two fields cancel since they point in the opposite directions.
This means that the electric field is E = 0. E27-16 The magnitude of the electric field is E = mg/q. The surface charge density on the plates is σ = 0E = 0mg/q, or σ = (8.85×10−12 C2 /N m2 )(9.11×10−31 kg)(9.81 m/s2 ) (1.60×10−19C) = 4.94×10−22 C/m2. E27-17 We don’t really need to write an integral, we just need the charge per unit length in the cylinder to be equal to zero.
This means that the positive charge in cylinder must be +3.60nC/m. This positive charge is uniformly distributed in a circle of radius R = 1.50 cm, so ρ = 3.60nC/m πR2 = 3.60nC/m π(0.0150 m)2 = 5.09µC/m3. 31 • E27-18 The problem has spherical symmetry, so use a Gaussian surface which is a spherical shell. The E field will be perpendicular to the surface, so Gauss’ law will simplify to qenc/ 0 = E dA = E dA = E dA = 4πr2 E. (a) For point P1 the charge enclosed is qenc = 1.26×10−7 C, so E = (1.26×10−7 C) 4π(8.85×10−12C2/N m2)(1.83×10−2m)2 = 3.38×106 N/C.
(b) Inside a conductor E = 0. E27-19 The proton orbits with a speed v, so the centripetal force on the proton is FC = mv2 /r. This centripetal force is from the electrostatic attraction with the sphere; so long as the proton is outside the sphere the electric field is equivalent to that of a point charge Q (Eq. 27-15), E = 1 4π 0 Q r2. If q is the charge on the proton we can write F = Eq, or mv2 r = q 1 4π 0 Q r2 Solving for Q, Q = 4π 0mv2 r q, = 4π(8.85×10−12 C2 /N m2 )(1.67×10−27 kg)(294×103 m/s)2 (0.0113 m) (1.60×10−19C), = −1.13×10−9 C. E27-20 The problem has spherical symmetry, so use a Gaussian surface which is a spherical shell.
The E field will be perpendicular to the surface, so Gauss’ law will simplify to qenc/ 0 = E dA = E dA = E dA = 4πr2 E. (a) At r = 0.120 m qenc = 4.06×10−8 C. Then E = (4.06×10−8 C) 4π(8.85×10−12C2/N m2)(1.20×10−1m)2 = 2.54×104 N/C. (b) At r = 0.220 m qenc = 5.99×10−8 C. Then E = (5.99×10−8 C) 4π(8.85×10−12C2/N m2)(2.20×10−1m)2 = 1.11×104 N/C. (c) At r = 0.0818 m qenc = 0 C.
32 • E27-21 The problem has cylindrical symmetry, so use a Gaussian surface which is a cylindrical shell. The E field will be perpendicular to the curved surface and parallel to the end surfaces, so Gauss’ law will simplify to qenc/ 0 = E dA = E dA = E dA = 2πrLE, where L is the length of the cylinder. Note that σ = q/2πrL represents a surface charge density. (a) r = 0.0410 m is between the two cylinders. Then E = (24.1×10−6 C/m2 )(0.0322 m) (8.85×10−12C2/N m2)(0.0410 m) = 2.14×106 N/C. It points outward.
(b) r = 0.0820 m is outside the two cylinders. Then E = (24.1×10−6 C/m2 )(0.0322 m) + (−18.0×10−6 C/m2 )(0.0618 m) (8.85×10−12C2/N m2)(0.0820 m) = −4.64×105 N/C. The negative sign is because it is pointing inward.
E27-22 The problem has cylindrical symmetry, so use a Gaussian surface which is a cylindrical shell. The E field will be perpendicular to the curved surface and parallel to the end surfaces, so Gauss’ law will simplify to qenc/ 0 = E dA = E dA = E dA = 2πrLE, where L is the length of the cylinder. The charge enclosed is qenc = ρdV = ρπL r2 − R2 The electric field is given by E = ρπL r2 − R2 2π 0rL = ρ r2 − R2 2 0r. At the surface, Es = ρ (2R)2 − R2 2 02R = 3ρR 4 0.
Solve for r when E is half of this: 3R 8 = r2 − R2 2r, 3rR = 4r2 − 4R2, 0 = 4r2 − 3rR − 4R2. The solution is r = 1.443R. That’s (2R − 1.443R) = 0.557R beneath the surface. E27-23 The electric field must do work on the electron to stop it. The electric field is given by E = σ/2 0.
The work done is W = Fd = Eqd. D is the distance in question, so d = 2 0K σq = 2(8.85×10−12 C2 /N m2 )(1.15×105 eV) (2.08×10−6C/m2)e = 0.979 m 33 • E27-24 Let the spherical Gaussian surface have a radius of R and be centered on the origin.
Choose the orientation of the axis so that the infinite line of charge is along the z axis. The electric field is then directed radially outward from the z axis with magnitude E = λ/2π 0ρ, where ρ is the perpendicular distance from the z axis.
Now we want to evaluate ΦE = E dA, over the surface of the sphere. In spherical coordinates, dA = R2 sin θ dθ dφ, ρ = R sin θ, and E dA = EA sin θ.
Then ΦE = λ 2π 0 sin θR dθ dφ = 2λR 0. E27-25 (a) The problem has cylindrical symmetry, so use a Gaussian surface which is a cylindrical shell. The E field will be perpendicular to the curved surface and parallel to the end surfaces, so Gauss’ law will simplify to qenc/ 0 = E dA = E dA = E dA = 2πrLE, where L is the length of the cylinder. Now for the qenc part. If the (uniform) volume charge density is ρ, then the charge enclosed in the Gaussian cylinder is qenc = ρdV = ρ dV = ρV = πr2 Lρ.
Combining, πr2 Lρ/ 0 = E2πrL or E = ρr/2 0. (b) Outside the charged cylinder the charge enclosed in the Gaussian surface is just the charge in the cylinder. Then qenc = ρdV = ρ dV = ρV = πR2 Lρ. And πR2 Lρ/ 0 = E2πrL, and then finally E = R2 ρ 2 0r.
E27-26 (a) q = 4π(1.22 m)2 (8.13×10−6 C/m2 ) = 1.52×10−4 C. (b) ΦE = q/ 0 = (1.52×10−4 C)/(8.85×10−12 C2 /N m2 ) = 1.72×107 N m2 /C. (c) E = σ/ 0 = (8.13×10−6 C/m2 )/(8.85×10−12 C2 /N m2 ) = 9.19×105 N/C E27-27 (a) σ = (2.4×10−6 C)/4π(0.65 m)2 = 4.52×10−7 C/m2. (b) E = σ/ 0 = (4.52×10−7 C/m2 )/(8.85×10−12 C2 /N m2 ) = 5.11×104 N/C. E27-28 E = σ/ 0 = q/4πr2 0.
E27-29 (a) The near field is given by Eq. 27-12, E = σ/2 0, so E ≈ (6.0×10−6 C)/(8.0×10−2 m)2 2(8.85×10−12 C2/N m2) = 5.3×107 N/C. (b) Very far from any object a point charge approximation is valid. Then E = 1 4π 0 q r2 = 1 4π(8.85×10−12 C2/N m2) (6.0×10−6 C) (30 m)2 = 60N/C. 34 • P27-1 For a spherically symmetric mass distribution choose a spherical Gaussian shell. Then g dA = g dA = g dA = 4πr2 g.
Then Φg 4πG = gr2 G = −m, or g = − Gm r2. The negative sign indicates the direction; g point toward the mass center. P27-2 (a) The flux through all surfaces except the right and left faces will be zero. Through the left face, Φl = −EyA = −b √ aa2. Through the right face, Φr = EyA = b √ 2aa2. The net flux is then Φ = ba5/2 ( √ 2 − 1) = (8830 N/C m1/2 )(0.130 m)5/2 ( √ 2 − 1) = 22.3 N m2 /C.
(b) The charge enclosed is q = (8.85×10−12 C2 /N m2 )(22.3 N m2 /C) = 1.97×10−10 C. P27-3 The net force on the small sphere is zero; this force is the vector sum of the force of gravity W, the electric force FE, and the tension T. T W F E θ These forces are related by Eq = mg tan θ.
We also have E = σ/2 0, so σ = 2 0mg tan θ q, = 2(8.85×10−12 C2 /N m2 )(1.12×10−6 kg)(9.81 m/s2 ) tan(27.4◦ ) (19.7×10−9C), = 5.11×10−9 C/m2. 35 • P27-4 The materials are conducting, so all charge will reside on the surfaces. The electric field inside any conductor is zero. The problem has spherical symmetry, so use a Gaussian surface which is a spherical shell. The E field will be perpendicular to the surface, so Gauss’ law will simplify to qenc/ 0 = E dA = E dA = E dA = 4πr2 E. Consequently, E = qenc/4π 0r2. (a) Within the sphere E = 0.
(b) Between the sphere and the shell qenc = q. Then E = q/4π 0r2. (c) Within the shell E = 0. (d) Outside the shell qenc = +q − q = 0. (e) Since E = 0 inside the shell, qenc = 0, this requires that −q reside on the inside surface. This is no charge on the outside surface. P27-5 The problem has cylindrical symmetry, so use a Gaussian surface which is a cylindrical shell.
The E field will be perpendicular to the curved surface and parallel to the end surfaces, so Gauss’ law will simplify to qenc/ 0 = E dA = E dA = E dA = 2πrLE, where L is the length of the cylinder. Consequently, E = qenc/2π 0rL. (a) Outside the conducting shell qenc = +q −2q = −q. Then E = −q/2π 0rL. The negative sign indicates that the field is pointing inward toward the axis of the cylinder.
(b) Since E = 0 inside the conducting shell, qenc = 0, which means a charge of −q is on the inside surface of the shell. The remaining −q must reside on the outside surface of the shell. (c) In the region between the cylinders qenc = +q. Then E = +q/2π 0rL. The positive sign indicates that the field is pointing outward from the axis of the cylinder.
P27-6 Subtract Eq. 26-19 from Eq. Then E = σ 2 0 z √ z2 + R2. P27-7 This problem is closely related to Ex. 27-25, except for the part concerning qenc. We’ll set up the problem the same way: the Gaussian surface will be a (imaginary) cylinder centered on the axis of the physical cylinder.
For Gaussian surfaces of radius r R, qenc = λl. We’ve already worked out the integral tube E dA = 2πrlE, for the cylinder, and then from Gauss’ law, qenc = 0 tube E dA = 2π 0rlE. (a) When r R there is a charge λl enclosed, so E = λ 2π 0r. 36 • P27-8 This problem is closely related to Ex.
27-25, except for the part concerning qenc. We’ll set up the problem the same way: the Gaussian surface will be a (imaginary) cylinder centered on the axis of the physical cylinders. For Gaussian surfaces of radius r r >a, qenc = λl. We’ve already worked out the integral tube E dA = 2πrlE, for the cylinder, and then from Gauss’ law, qenc = 0 tube E dA = 2π 0rlE. (a) When r r >a there is a charge λl enclosed, so E = λ 2π 0r. P27-9 Uniform circular orbits require a constant net force towards the center, so F = Eq = λq/2π 0r.
The speed of the positron is given by F = mv2 /r; the kinetic energy is K = mv2 /2 = Fr/2. Combining, K = λq 4π 0, = (30×10−9 C/m)(1.6×10−19 C) 4π((8.85 × 10−12 C2/N m2), = 4.31×10−17 J = 270 eV. P27-10 λ = 2π 0rE, so q = 2π(8.85×10−12 C2 /N m2 )(0.014 m)(0.16 m)(2.9×104 N/C) = 3.6×10−9 C.
P27-11 (a) Put a spherical Gaussian surface inside the shell centered on the point charge. Gauss’ law states E dA = qenc 0.
Since there is spherical symmetry the electric field is normal to the spherical Gaussian surface, and it is everywhere the same on this surface. The dot product simplifies to E dA = E dA, while since E is a constant on the surface we can pull it out of the integral, and we end up with E dA = q 0, where q is the point charge in the center.
Now dA = 4πr2, where r is the radius of the Gaussian surface, so E = q 4π 0r2. (b) Repeat the above steps, except put the Gaussian surface outside the conducting shell.
Keep it centered on the charge. Two things are different from the above derivation: (1) r is bigger, and 37 • (2) there is an uncharged spherical conducting shell inside the Gaussian surface.
Neither change will affect the surface integral or qenc, so the electric field outside the shell is still E = q 4π 0r2, (c) This is a subtle question. With all the symmetry here it appears as if the shell has no effect; the field just looks like a point charge field. If, however, the charge were moved off center the field inside the shell would become distorted, and we wouldn’t be able to use Gauss’ law to find it. So the shell does make a difference. Outside the shell, however, we can’t tell what is going on inside the shell. So the electric field outside the shell looks like a point charge field originating from the center of the shell regardless of where inside the shell the point charge is placed! (d) Yes, q induces surface charges on the shell.
There will be a charge −q on the inside surface and a charge q on the outside surface. (e) Yes, as there is an electric field from the shell, isn’t there? (f) No, as the electric field from the outside charge won’t make it through a conducting shell.
The conductor acts as a shield. (g) No, this is not a contradiction, because the outside charge never experienced any electrostatic attraction or repulsion from the inside charge. The force is between the shell and the outside charge. P27-12 The repulsive electrostatic forces must exactly balance the attractive gravitational forces.
Then 1 4π 0 q2 r2 = G m2 r2, or m = q/ √ 4π 0G. Numerically, m = (1.60×10−19 C) 4π(8.85×10−12C2/N m2)(6.67×10−11N m2/kg2 ) = 1.86×10−9 kg. P27-13 The problem has spherical symmetry, so use a Gaussian surface which is a spherical shell. The E field will be perpendicular to the surface, so Gauss’ law will simplify to qenc/ 0 = E dA = E dA = E dA = 4πr2 E.
Consequently, E = qenc/4π 0r2. Qenc = q + 4π ρ r2 dr, or qenc = q + 4π r a Ar dr = q + 2πA(r2 − a2 ). The electric field will be constant if qenc behaves as r2, which requires q = 2πAa2, or A = q/2πa2. P27-14 (a) The problem has spherical symmetry, so use a Gaussian surface which is a spherical shell. The E field will be perpendicular to the surface, so Gauss’ law will simplify to qenc/ 0 = E dA = E dA = E dA = 4πr2 E. Consequently, E = qenc/4π 0r2.
Qenc = 4π ρ r2 dr = 4πρr3 /3, so E = ρr/3 0 38 • and is directed radially out from the center. Then E = ρr/3 0. (b) The electric field in the hole is given by Eh = E − Eb, where E is the field from part (a) and Eb is the field that would be produced by the matter that would have been in the hole had the hole not been there. Then Eb = ρb/3 0, where b is a vector pointing from the center of the hole. Then Eh = ρr 3 0 − ρb 3 0 = ρ 3 0 (r − b). But r − b = a, so Eh = ρa/3 0.
P27-15 If a point is an equilibrium point then the electric field at that point should be zero. If it is a stable point then moving the test charge (assumed positive) a small distance from the equilibrium point should result in a restoring force directed back toward the equilibrium point. In other words, there will be a point where the electric field is zero, and around this point there will be an electric field pointing inward.
Applying Gauss’ law to a small surface surrounding our point P, we have a net inward flux, so there must be a negative charge inside the surface. But there should be nothing inside the surface except an empty point P, so we have a contradiction. P27-16 (a) Follow the example on Page 618. By symmetry E = 0 along the median plane. The charge enclosed between the median plane and a surface a distance x from the plane is q = ρAx. Then E = ρAx/ 0A = ρA/ 0.
(b) Outside the slab the charge enclosed between the median plane and a surface a distance x from the plane is is q = ρAd/2, regardless of x. The E = ρAd/2/ 0A = ρd/2 0. P27-17 (a) The total charge is the volume integral over the whole sphere, Q = ρ dV. This is actually a three dimensional integral, and dV = A dr, where A = 4πr2. Then Q = ρ dV, = R 0 ρSr R 4πr2 dr, = 4πρS R 1 4 R4, = πρSR3. (b) Put a spherical Gaussian surface inside the sphere centered on the center. We can use Gauss’ law here because there is spherical symmetry in the entire problem, both inside and outside the Gaussian surface.
Gauss’ law states E dA = qenc 0. 39 • Since there is spherical symmetry the electric field is normal to the spherical Gaussian surface, and it is everywhere the same on this surface. The dot product simplifies to E dA = E dA, while since E is a constant on the surface we can pull it out of the integral, and we end up with E dA = qenc 0, Now dA = 4πr2, where r is the radius of the Gaussian surface, so E = qenc 4π 0r2.
We aren’t done yet, because the charge enclosed depends on the radius of the Gaussian surface. We need to do part (a) again, except this time we don’t want to do the whole volume of the sphere, we only want to go out as far as the Gaussian surface.
Then qenc = ρ dV, = r 0 ρSr R 4πr2 dr, = 4πρS R 1 4 r4, = πρS r4 R. Combine these last two results and E = πρS 4π 0r2 r4 R, = πρS 4π 0 r2 R, = Q 4π 0 r2 R4. In the last line we used the results of part (a) to eliminate ρS from the expression. P27-18 (a) Inside the conductor E = 0, so a Gaussian surface which is embedded in the conductor but containing the hole must have a net enclosed charge of zero. The cavity wall must then have a charge of −3.0 µC. (b) The net charge on the conductor is +10.0 µC; the charge on the outer surface must then be +13.0 µC.
P27-19 (a) Inside the shell E = 0, so the net charge inside a Gaussian surface embedded in the shell must be zero, so the inside surface has a charge −Q. (b) Still −Q; the outside has nothing to do with the inside.
(c) −(Q + q); see reason (a). 40 • Throughout this chapter we will use the convention that V (∞) = 0 unless explicitly stated otherwise. Then the potential in the vicinity of a point charge will be given by Eq. 28-18, V = q/4π 0r. E28-1 (a) Let U12 be the potential energy of the interaction between the two “up” quarks. Then U12 = (8.99×109 N m2 /C2 ) (2/3)2 e(1.60×10−19 C) (1.32×10−15m) = 4.84×105 eV.
(b) Let U13 be the potential energy of the interaction between an “up” quark and a “down” quark. Then U13 = (8.99×109 N m2 /C2 ) (−1/3)(2/3)e(1.60×10−19 C) (1.32×10−15m) = −2.42×105 eV Note that U13 = U23. The total electric potential energy is the sum of these three terms, or zero. E28-2 There are six interaction terms, one for every charge pair. Number the charges clockwise from the upper left hand corner.
Then U12 = −q2 /4π 0a, U23 = −q2 /4π 0a, U34 = −q2 /4π 0a, U41 = −q2 /4π 0a, U13 = (−q)2 /4π 0( √ 2a), U24 = q2 /4π 0( √ 2a). Add these terms and get U = 2 √ 2 − 4 q2 4π 0a = −0.206 q2 0a The amount of work required is W = U.
E28-3 (a) We build the electron one part at a time; each part has a charge q = e/3. Moving the first part from infinity to the location where we want to construct the electron is easy and takes no work at all. Moving the second part in requires work to change the potential energy to U12 = 1 4π 0 q1q2 r, which is basically Eq. The separation r = 2.82 × 10−15 m. Bringing in the third part requires work against the force of repulsion between the third charge and both of the other two charges. Potential energy then exists in the form U13 and U23, where all three charges are the same, and all three separations are the same.
Then U12 = U13 = U12, so the total potential energy of the system is U = 3 1 4π 0 (e/3)2 r = 3 4π(8.85×10−12 C2/N m2) (1.60×10−19 C/3)2 (2.82×10−15 m) = 2.72×10−14 J (b) Dividing our answer by the speed of light squared to find the mass, m = 2.72 × 10−14 J (3.00 × 108 m/s)2 = 3.02 × 10−31 kg. 41 • E28-4 There are three interaction terms, one for every charge pair. Number the charges from the left; let a = 0.146 m. Then U12 = (25.5×10−9 C)(17.2×10−9 C) 4π 0a, U13 = (25.5×10−9 C)(−19.2×10−9 C) 4π 0(a + x), U23 = (17.2×10−9 C)(−19.2×10−9 C) 4π 0x.
Add these and set it equal to zero. Then (25.5)(17.2) a = (25.5)(19.2) a + x + (17.2)(19.2) x, which has solution x = 1.405a = 0.205 m. E28-5 The volume of the nuclear material is 4πa3 /3, where a = 8.0×10−15 m. Upon dividing in half each part will have a radius r where 4πr3 /3 = 4πa3 /6. Consequently, r = a/ 3 √ 2 = 6.35×10−15 m. Each fragment will have a charge of +46e. (a) The force of repulsion is F = (46)2 (1.60×10−19 C)2 4π(8.85×10−12C2/N m2)[2(6.35×10−15m)]2 = 3000 N (b) The potential energy is U = (46)2 e(1.60×10−19 C) 4π(8.85×10−12C2/N m2)2(6.35×10−15m) = 2.4×108 eV E28-6 This is a work/kinetic energy problem: 1 2 mv2 0 = q∆V.
Then v0 = 2(1.60×10−19C)(10.3×103V) (9.11×10−31kg) = 6.0×107 m/s. E28-7 (a) The energy released is equal to the charges times the potential through which the charge was moved. Then ∆U = q∆V = (30 C)(1.0 × 109 V) = 3.0 × 1010 J. (b) Although the problem mentions acceleration, we want to focus on energy. The energy will change the kinetic energy of the car from 0 to Kf = 3.0 × 1010 J. The speed of the car is then v = 2K m = 2(3.0 × 1010 J) (1200 kg) = 7100 m/s. (c) The energy required to melt ice is given by Q = mL, where L is the latent heat of fusion.
Then m = Q L = (3.0 × 1010 J) (3.33×105J/kg) = 90, 100kg. 42 • E28-8 (a) ∆U = (1.60×10−19 C)(1.23×109 V) = 1.97×10−10 J. (b) ∆U = e(1.23×109 V) = 1.23×109 eV. E28-9 This is an energy conservation problem: 1 2 mv2 = q∆V; ∆V = q/4π 0(1/r1 − 1/r2). Com- bining, v = q2 2π 0m 1 r1 − 1 r2, = (3.1×10−6C)2 2π(8.85×10−12C2/N m2)(18×10−6kg) 1 (0.90×10−3m) − 1 (2.5×10−3m), = 2600 m/s.
E28-10 This is an energy conservation problem: 1 2 m(2v)2 − q2 4π 0r = 1 2 mv2. Rearrange, r = q2 6π 0mv2, = (1.60×10−19 C)2 6π(8.85×10−12C2/N m2)(9.11×10−31kg)(3.44×105m/s)2) = 1.42×10−9 m. E28-11 (a) V = (1.60×10−19 C)/4π(8.85×10−12 C2 /N m2 )(5.29×10−11 m) = 27.2 V. (b) U = qV = (−e)(27.2 V) = −27.2 eV. (c) For uniform circular orbits F = mv2 /r; the force is electrical, or F = e2 /4π 0r2. Kinetic energy is K = mv2 /2 = Fr/2, so K = e2 8π 0r = (1.60×10−19 C) 8π(8.85×10−12C2/N m2)(5.29×10−11m) = 13.6 eV. (d) The ionization energy is −(K + U), or Eion = −[(13.6 eV) + (−27.2 eV)] = 13.6 eV.
E28-12 (a) The electric potential at A is VA = 1 4π 0 q1 r1 + q2 r2 = (8.99×109 N m2 /C) (−5.0×10−6 C) (0.15 m) + (2.0×10−6 C) (0.05 m) = 6.0×104 V. The electric potential at B is VB = 1 4π 0 q1 r2 + q2 r1 = (8.99×109 N m2 /C) (−5.0×10−6 C) (0.05 m) + (2.0×10−6 C) (0.15 m) = −7.8×105 V. (b) W = q∆V = (3.0×10−6 C)(6.0×104 V − −7.8×105 V) = 2.5 J. (c) Since work is positive then external work is converted to electrostatic potential energy. 43 • E28-13 (a) The magnitude of the electric field would be found from E = F q = (3.90 × 10−15 N) (1.60 × 10−19 C) = 2.44 × 104 N/C. (b) The potential difference between the plates is found by evaluating Eq.
28-15, ∆V = − b a E ds. The electric field between two parallel plates is uniform and perpendicular to the plates. Then E ds = E ds along this path, and since E is uniform, ∆V = − b a E ds = − b a E ds = −E b a ds = E∆x, where ∆x is the separation between the plates. Finally, ∆V = (2.44 × 104 N/C)(0.120 m) = 2930 V.
E28-14 ∆V = E∆x, so ∆x = 2 0 σ ∆V = 2(8.85×10−12 C2 /N m2 ) (0.12×10−6C/m2) (48 V) = 7.1×10−3 m E28-15 The electric field around an infinitely long straight wire is given by E = λ/2π 0r. The potential difference between the inner wire and the outer cylinder is given by ∆V = − b a (λ/2π 0r) dr = (λ/2π 0) ln(a/b). The electric field near the surface of the wire is then given by E = λ 2π 0a = ∆V a ln(a/b) = (−855 V) (6.70×10−7m) ln(6.70×10−7 m/1.05×10−2 m) = 1.32×108 V/m. The electric field near the surface of the cylinder is then given by E = λ 2π 0a = ∆V a ln(a/b) = (−855 V) (1.05×10−2m) ln(6.70×10−7 m/1.05×10−2 m) = 8.43×103 V/m. E28-16 ∆V = E∆x = (1.92×105 N/C)(1.50×10−2 m) = 2.88×103 V. E28-17 (a) This is an energy conservation problem: K = 1 4π 0 (2)(79)e2 r = (8.99×109 N m2 /C) (2)(79)e(1.60×10−19 C) (7.0×10−15m) = 3.2×107 eV (b) The alpha particles used by Rutherford never came close to hitting the gold nuclei. E28-18 This is an energy conservation problem: mv2 /2 = eq/4π 0r, or v = (1.60×10−19C)(1.76×10−15C) 2π(8.85×10−12C2/N m2)(1.22×10−2m)(9.11×10−31kg) = 2.13×104 m/s 44 • E28-19 (a) We evaluate VA and VB individually, and then find the difference.
VA = 1 4π 0 q r = 1 4π(8.85 × 10−12 C2/N m2) (1.16µC) (2.06 m) = 5060 V, and VB = 1 4π 0 q r = 1 4π(8.85 × 10−12 C2/N m2) (1.16µC) (1.17 m) = 8910 V, The difference is then VA − VB = −3850 V. (b) The answer is the same, since when concerning ourselves with electric potential we only care about distances, and not directions. E28-20 The number of “excess” electrons on each grain is n = 4π 0rV e = 4π(8.85×10−12 C2 /N m)(1.0×10−6 m)(−400 V) (−1.60×10−19C) = 2.8×105 E28-21 The excess charge on the shuttle is q = 4π 0rV = 4π(8.85×10−12 C2 /N m)(10 m)(−1.0 V) = −1.1×10−9 C E28-22 q = 1.37×105 C, so V = (8.99×109 N m2 /C2 ) (1.37×105 C) (6.37×106m) = 1.93×108 V. E28-23 The ratio of the electric potential to the electric field strength is V E = 1 4π 0 q r / 1 4π 0 q r2 = r.
In this problem r is the radius of the Earth, so at the surface of the Earth the potential is V = Er = (100 V/m)(6.38×106 m) = 6.38×108 V. E28-24 Use Eq. 28-22: V = (8.99×109 N m2 /C2 ) (1.47)(3.34×10−30 C m) (52.0×10−9m)2 = 1.63×10−5 V. E28-25 (a) When finding VA we need to consider the contribution from both the positive and the negative charge, so VA = 1 4π 0 qa + −q a + d There will be a similar expression for VB, VB = 1 4π 0 −qa + q a + d. 45 • Now to evaluate the difference. VA − VB = 1 4π 0 qa + −q a + d − 1 4π 0 −qa + q a + d, = q 2π 0 1 a − 1 a + d, = q 2π 0 a + d a(a + d) − a a(a + d), = q 2π 0 d a(a + d).
(b) Does it do what we expect when d = 0? I expect it the difference to go to zero as the two points A and B get closer together. The numerator will go to zero as d gets smaller. The denominator, however, stays finite, which is a good thing. So yes, Va − VB → 0 as d → 0. E28-26 (a) Since both charges are positive the electric potential from both charges will be positive. There will be no finite points where V = 0, since two positives can’t add to zero.
(b) Between the charges the electric field from each charge points toward the other, so E will vanish when q/x2 = 2q/(d − x)2. This happens when d − x = √ 2x, or x = d/(1 + √ 2). E28-27 The distance from C to either charge is √ 2d/2 = 1.39×10−2 m.
(a) V at C is V = (8.99×109 N m2 /C2 ) 2(2.13×10−6 C) (1.39×10−2m) = 2.76×106 V (b) W = qδV = (1.91×10−6 C)(2.76×106 V) = 5.27 J. (c) Don’t forget about the potential energy of the original two charges!
U0 = (8.99×109 N m2 /C2 ) (2.13×10−6 C)2 (1.96×10−2m) = 2.08 J Add this to the answer from part (b) to get 7.35 J. E28-28 The potential is given by Eq. 28-32; at the surface V s = σR/2 0, half of this occurs when R2 + z2 − z = R/2, R2 + z2 = R2 /4 + Rz + z2, 3R/4 = z. E28-29 We can find the linear charge density by dividing the charge by the circumference, λ = Q 2πR, where Q refers to the charge on the ring.
The work done to move a charge q from a point x to the origin will be given by W = q∆V, W = q (V (0) − V (x)), = q 1 4π 0 Q √ R2 − 1 4π 0 Q √ R2 + x2, = qQ 4π 0 1 R − 1 √ R2 + x2. 46 • Putting in the numbers, (−5.93×10−12 C)(−9.12×10−9 C) 4π(8.85×10−12C2/N m2) 1 1.48m − 1 (1.48m)2 + (3.07m)2 = 1.86×10−10 J. E28-30 (a) The electric field strength is greatest where the gradient of V is greatest.
That is between d and e. (b) The least absolute value occurs where the gradient is zero, which is between b and c and again between e and f. E28-31 The potential on the positive plate is 2(5.52 V) = 11.0 V; the electric field between the plates is E = (11.0 V)/(1.48×10−2 m) = 743 V/m.
E28-32 Take the derivative: E = −∂V/∂z. E28-33 The radial potential gradient is just the magnitude of the radial component of the electric field, Er = − ∂V ∂r Then ∂V ∂r = − 1 4π 0 q r2, = 1 4π(8.85 × 10−12 C2/N m2) 79(1.60 × 10−19 C) (7.0 × 10−15m)2, = −2.32×1021 V/m. E28-34 Evaluate ∂V/∂r, and E = − Ze 4π 0 −1 r2 + 2 r 2R3. E28-35 Ex = −∂V/∂x = −2(1530 V/m2 )x. At the point in question, E = −2(1530 V/m2 )(1.28× 10−2 m) = 39.2 V/m.
E28-36 Draw the wires so that they are perpendicular to the plane of the page; they will then “come out of” the page. The equipotential surfaces are then lines where they intersect the page, and they look like 47 • E28-37 (a) VB − VA = W/q = (3.94 × 10−19 J)/(1.60 × 10−19 C) = 2.46 V. The electric field did work on the electron, so the electron was moving from a region of low potential to a region of high potential; or VB >VA. Consequently, VB − VA = 2.46 V. (b) VC is at the same potential as VB (both points are on the same equipotential line), so VC − VA = VB − VA = 2.46 V. (c) VC is at the same potential as VB (both points are on the same equipotential line), so VC − VB = 0 V. E28-38 (a) For point charges r = q/4π 0V, so r = (8.99×109 N m2 /C2 )(1.5×10−8 C)/(30 V) = 4.5 m (b) No, since V ∝ 1/r.
E28-39 The dotted lines are equipotential lines, the solid arrows are electric field lines. Note that there are twice as many electric field lines from the larger charge!
48 • E28-40 The dotted lines are equipotential lines, the solid arrows are electric field lines. E28-41 This can easily be done with a spreadsheet. The following is a sketch; the electric field is the bold curve, the potential is the thin curve. 49 • rsphere radius E28-42 Originally V = q/4π 0r, where r is the radius of the smaller sphere. (a) Connecting the spheres will bring them to the same potential, or V1 = V2. (b) q1 + q2 = q; V1 = q1/4π 0r and V2 = q2/4π 02r; combining all of the above q2 = 2q1 and q1 = q/3 and q2 = 2q/3. E28-43 (a) q = 4πR2 σ, so V = q/4π 0R = σR/ 0, or V = (−1.60×10−19 C/m2 )(6.37×106 m)/(8.85×10−12 C2 /N m2 ) = 0.115 V (b) Pretend the Earth is a conductor, then E = σ/epsilon0, so E = (−1.60×10−19 C/m2 )/(8.85×10−12 C2 /N m2 ) = 1.81×10−8 V/m.
E28-44 V = q/4π 0R, so V = (8.99×109 N m2 /C2 )(15×10−9 C)/(0.16 m) = 850 V. E28-45 (a) q = 4π 0RV = 4π(8.85×10−12 C2 /N m2 )(0.152 m)(215 V) = 3.63×10−9 C (b) σ = q/4πR2 = (3.63×10−9 C)/4π(0.152 m)2 = 1.25×10−8 C/m2.
E28-46 The dotted lines are equipotential lines, the solid arrows are electric field lines. 50 • E28-47 (a) The total charge (Q = 57.2nC) will be divided up between the two spheres so that they are at the same potential. If q1 is the charge on one sphere, then q2 = Q − q1 is the charge on the other. Consequently V1 = V2, 1 4π 0 q1 r1 = 1 4π 0 Q − q1 r2, q1r2 = (Q − q1)r1, q1 = Qr2 r2 + r1. Putting in the numbers, we find q1 = Qr1 r2 + r1 = (57.2 nC)(12.2 cm) (5.88 cm) + (12.2 cm) = 38.6 nC, and q2 = Q − q1 = (57.2 nC) − (38.6 nC) = 18.6 nC. (b) The potential on each sphere should be the same, so we only need to solve one. Then 1 4π 0 q1 r1 = 1 4π(8.85 × 10−12 C2/N m2) (38.6 nC) (12.2 cm) = 2850 V.
E28-48 (a) V = (8.99×109 N m2 /C2 )(31.5×10−9 C)/(0.162 m) = 1.75×103 V. (b) V = q/4π 0r, so r = q/4π 0V, and then r = (8.99×109 N m2 /C2 )(31.5×10−9 C)/(1.20×103 V) = 0.236 m. That is (0.236 m) − (0.162 m) = 0.074 m above the surface. 51 • E28-49 (a) Apply the point charge formula, but solve for the charge. Then 1 4π 0 q r = V, q = 4π 0rV, q = 4π(8.85 × 10−12 C2 /N m2 )(1 m)(106 V) = 0.11 mC. Now that’s a fairly small charge. But if the radius were decreased by a factor of 100, so would the charge (1.10 µC).
Consequently, smaller metal balls can be raised to higher potentials with less charge. (b) The electric field near the surface of the ball is a function of the surface charge density, E = σ/ 0.
But surface charge density depends on the area, and varies as r−2. For a given potential, the electric field near the surface would then be given by E = σ 0 = q 4π 0r2 = V r. Note that the electric field grows as the ball gets smaller. This means that the break down field is more likely to be exceeded with a low voltage small ball; you’ll get sparking. E28-50 A “Volt” is a Joule per Coulomb.
The power required by the drive belt is the product (3.41×106 V)(2.83×10−3 C/s) = 9650 W. P28-1 (a) According to Newtonian mechanics we want K = 1 2 mv2 to be equal to W = q∆V which means ∆V = mv2 2q = (0.511 MeV) 2e = 256 kV. Mc2 is the rest mass energy of an electron. (b) Let’s do some rearranging first.
K = mc2 1 1 − β2 − 1, K mc2 = 1 1 − β2 − 1, K mc2 + 1 = 1 1 − β2, 1 K mc2 + 1 = 1 − β2, 1 K mc2 + 1 2 = 1 − β2, and finally, β = 1 − 1 K mc2 + 1 2 Putting in the numbers, 1 − 1 (256 keV) (511 keV) + 1 2 = 0.746, so v = 0.746c. 52 • P28-2 (a) The potential of the hollow sphere is V = q/4π 0r.
The work required to increase the charge by an amount dq is dW = V/, dq. Integrating, W = e 0 q 4π 0r dq = e2 8π 0r. This corresponds to an electric potential energy of W = e(1.60×10−19 C) 8π(8.85×10−12C2/N m2)(2.82×10−15m) = 2.55×105 eV = 4.08×10−14 J. (b) This would be a mass of m = (4.08×10−14 J)/(3.00×108 m/s)2 = 4.53×10−31 kg. P28-3 The negative charge is held in orbit by electrostatic attraction, or mv2 r = qQ 4π 0r2.
The kinetic energy of the charge is K = 1 2 mv2 = qQ 8π 0r. The electrostatic potential energy is U = − qQ 4π 0r, so the total energy is E = − qQ 8π 0r. The work required to change orbit is then W = qQ 8π 0 1 r1 − 1 r2. P28-4 (a) V = − E dr, so V = − r 0 qr 4π 0R3 dr = − qr2 8π 0R3. (b) ∆V = q/8π 0R.
(c) If instead of V = 0 at r = 0 as was done in part (a) we take V = 0 at r = ∞, then V = q/4π 0R on the surface of the sphere. The new expression for the potential inside the sphere will look like V = V + Vs, where V is the answer from part (a) and Vs is a constant so that the surface potential is correct. Then Vs = q 4π 0R + qR2 8π 0R3 = 3qR2 8π 0R3, and then V = − qr2 8π 0R3 + 3qR2 8π 0R3 = q(3R2 − r2 ) 8π 0R3. 53 • P28-5 The total electric potential energy of the system is the sum of the three interaction pairs. One of these pairs does not change during the process, so it can be ignored when finding the change in potential energy. The change in electrical potential energy is then ∆U = 2 q2 4π 0rf − 2 q2 4π 0ri = q2 2π 0 1 rf − 1 ri. In this case ri = 1.72 m, while rf = 0.86 m.
The change in potential energy is then ∆U = 2(8.99×109 N m2 /C2 )(0.122 C)2 1 (0.86 m) − 1 (1.72 m) = 1.56×108 J The time required is t = (1.56×108 )/(831 W) = 1.87×105 s = 2.17 days. P28-6 (a) Apply conservation of energy: K = qQ 4π 0d, or d = qQ 4π 0K, where d is the distance of closest approach. (b) Apply conservation of energy: K = qQ 4π 0(2d) + 1 2 mv2, so, combining with the results in part (a), v = K/m. P28-7 (a) First apply Eq. 28-18, but solve for r.
Then r = q 4π 0V = (32.0 × 10−12 C) 4π(8.85 × 10−12 C2/N m2)(512 V) = 562 µm. (b) If two such drops join together the charge doubles, and the volume of water doubles, but the radius of the new drop only increases by a factor of 3 √ 2 = 1.26 because volume is proportional to the radius cubed. The potential on the surface of the new drop will be V new = 1 4π 0 qnew rnew, = 1 4π 0 2qold 3 √ 2 rold, = (2)2/3 1 4π 0 qold rold = (2)2/3 V old. The new potential is 813 V. P28-8 (a) The work done is W = −Fz = −Eqz = −qσz/2 0. (b) Since W = q∆V, ∆V = −σz/2 0, so V = V0 − (σ/2 0)z.
54 • P28-9 (a) The potential at any point will be the sum of the contribution from each charge, V = 1 4π 0 q1 r1 + 1 4π 0 q2 r2, where r1 is the distance the point in question from q1 and r2 is the distance the point in question from q2. Pick a point, call it (x, y).
Since q1 is at the origin, r1 = x2 + y2. Since q2 is at (d, 0), where d = 9.60 nm, r2 = (x − d)2 + y2. Define the “Stanley Number” as S = 4π 0V.
Equipotential surfaces are also equi-Stanley surfaces. In particular, when V = 0, so does S. We can then write the potential expression in a sightly simplified form S = q1 r1 + q2 r2.
If S = 0 we can rearrange and square this expression. Q1 r1 = − q2 r2, r2 1 q2 1 = r2 2 q2 2, x2 + y2 q2 1 = (x − d)2 + y2 q2 2, Let α = q2/q1, then we can write α2 x2 + y2 = (x − d)2 + y2, α2 x2 + α2 y2 = x2 − 2xd + d2 + y2, (α2 − 1)x2 + 2xd + (α2 − 1)y2 = d2. We complete the square for the (α2 − 1)x2 + 2xd term by adding d2 /(α2 − 1) to both sides of the equation. Then (α2 − 1) x + d α2 − 1 2 + y2 = d2 1 + 1 α2 − 1. The center of the circle is at − d α2 − 1 = (9.60 nm) (−10/6)2 − 1 = −5.4 nm. (b) The radius of the circle is d2 1 + 1 α2−1 α2 − 1, which can be simplified to d α α2 − 1 = (9.6 nm) (−10/6) (−10/6)2 − 1 = 9.00 nm.
55 • P28-10 An annulus is composed of differential rings of varying radii r and width dr; the charge on any ring is the product of the area of the ring, dA = 2πr dr, and the surface charge density, or dq = σ dA = k r3 2πr dr = 2πk r2 dr. The potential at the center can be found by adding up the contributions from each ring. Since we are at the center, the contributions will each be dV = dq/4π 0r.
Then V = b a k 2 0 dr r3 = k 4 0 1 a2 − 1 b2. = k 4 0 b2 − a2 b2a2. The total charge on the annulus is Q = b a 2πk r2 dr = 2πk 1 a − 1 b = 2πk b − a ba.
Combining, V = Q 8π 0 a + b ab. P28-11 Add the three contributions, and then do a series expansion for d r. V = q 4π 0 −1 r + d + 1 r + 1 r − d, = q 4π 0r −1 1 + d/r + 1 + 1 1 − d/r, ≈ q 4π 0r −1 + d r + 1 + 1 + d r, ≈ q 4π 0r 1 + 2d r.
P28-12 (a) Add the contributions from each differential charge: dq = λ dy. Then V = y+L y λ 4π 0y dy = λ 4π 0 ln y + L y. (b) Take the derivative: Ey = − ∂V ∂y = − λ 4π 0 y y + L −L y2 = λ 4π 0 L y(y + L). (c) By symmetry it must be zero, since the system is invariant under rotations about the axis of the rod.
Note that we can’t determine E⊥ from derivatives because we don’t have the functional form of V for points off-axis! Yeh Dil Aashiqana Full Movie Free Download Kickass. P28-13 (a) We follow the work done in Section 28-6 for a uniform line of charge, starting with Eq. 28-26, dV = 1 4π 0 λ dx x2 + y2, dV = 1 4π 0 L 0 kx dx x2 + y2, 56 • = k 4π 0 x2 + y2 L 0, = k 4π 0 L2 + y2 − y. (b) The y component of the electric field can be found from Ey = − ∂V ∂y, which (using a computer-aided math program) is Ey = k 4π 0 1 − y L2 + y2. (c) We could find Ex if we knew the x variation of V. But we don’t; we only found the values of V along a fixed value of x.
(d) We want to find y such that the ratio k 4π 0 L2 + y2 − y / k 4π 0 (L) is one-half. Simplifying, L2 + y2 − y = L/2, which can be written as L2 + y2 = L2 /4 + Ly + y2, or 3L2 /4 = Ly, with solution y = 3L/4.
P28-14 The spheres are small compared to the separation distance. Assuming only one sphere at a potential of 1500 V, the charge would be q = 4π 0rV = 4π(8.85×10−12 C2 /N m)(0.150 m)(1500 V) = 2.50×10−8 C. The potential from the sphere at a distance of 10.0 m would be V = (1500 V) (0.150 m) (10.0 m) = 22.5 V. This is small compared to 1500 V, so we will treat it as a perturbation. This means that we can assume that the spheres have charges of q = 4π 0rV = 4π(8.85×10−12 C2 /N m)(0.150 m)(1500 V + 22.5 V) = 2.54×10−8 C. P28-15 Calculating the fraction of excess electrons is the same as calculating the fraction of excess charge, so we’ll skip counting the electrons.
This problem is effectively the same as Exercise 28-47; we have a total charge that is divided between two unequal size spheres which are at the same potential on the surface. Using the result from that exercise we have q1 = Qr1 r2 + r1, where Q = −6.2 nC is the total charge available, and q1 is the charge left on the sphere. Siasat Tv Serial. R1 is the radius of the small ball, r2 is the radius of Earth.
Since the fraction of charge remaining is q1/Q, we can write q1 Q = r1 r2 + r1 ≈ r1 r2 = 2.0 × 10−8. 57 • P28-16 The positive charge on the sphere would be q = 4π 0rV = 4π(8.85×10−12 C2 /N m2 )(1.08×10−2 m)(1000 V) = 1.20×10−9 C. The number of decays required to build up this charge is n = 2(1.20×10−9 C)/(1.60×10−19 C) = 1.50×1010. The extra factor of two is because only half of the decays result in an increase in charge. The time required is t = (1.50×1010 )/(3.70×108 s−1 ) = 40.6 s.
P28-17 (a) None. P28-18 (a) Outside of an isolated charged spherical object E = q/4π 0r2 and V = q/4π 0r. Then E = V/r. Consequently, the sphere must have a radius larger than r = (9.15×106 V)/(100× 106 V/m) = 9.15×10−2 m. (b) The power required is (320×10−6 C/s)(9.15×106 V) = 2930 W. (c) σwv = (320×10−6 C/s), so σ = (320×10−6 C/s) (0.485 m)(33.0 m/s) = 2.00×10−5 C/m2. 58 • E29-1 (a) The charge which flows through a cross sectional surface area in a time t is given by q = it, where i is the current.
For this exercise we have q = (4.82 A)(4.60 × 60 s) = 1330 C as the charge which passes through a cross section of this resistor. (b) The number of electrons is given by (1330 C)/(1.60 × 10−19 C) = 8.31 × 1021 electrons. E29-2 Q/t = (200×10−6 A/s)(60s/min)/(1.60×10−19 C) = 7.5×1016 electrons per minute. E29-3 (a) j = nqv = (2.10×1014 /m3 )2(1.60×10−19 C)(1.40×105 m/s) = 9.41 A/m2. Since the ions have positive charge then the current density is in the same direction as the velocity.
(b) We need an area to calculate the current. E29-4 (a) j = i/A = (123×10−12 A)/π(1.23×10−3 m)2 = 2.59×10−5 A/m2. (b) vd = j/ne = (2.59×10−5 A/m2 )/(8.49×1028 /m3 )(1.60×10−19 C) = 1.91×10−15 m/s.
E29-5 The current rating of a fuse of cross sectional area A would be imax = (440 A/cm2 )A, and if the fuse wire is cylindrical A = πd2 /4. Then d = 4 π (0.552 A) (440 A/m2) = 4.00×10−2 cm. E29-6 Current density is current divided by cross section of wire, so the graph would look like: 50 100 150 200 d(mils) 1 2 3 4 I(A/mil^2x10^−3) 59 • E29-7 The current is in the direction of the motion of the positive charges. The magnitude of the current is i = (3.1×1018 /s + 1.1×1018 /s)(1.60×10−19 C) = 0.672 A. E29-8 (a) The total current is i = (3.50×1015 /s + 2.25×1015 /s)(1.60×10−19 C) = 9.20×10−4 A.
(b) The current density is j = (9.20×10−4 A)/π(0.165×10−3 m)2 = 1.08×104 A/m2. E29-9 (a) j = (8.70×106 /m3 )(1.60×10−19 C)(470×103 m/s) = 6.54×10−7 A/m2. (b) i = (6.54×10−7 A/m2 )π(6.37×106 m)2 = 8.34×107 A. E29-10 i = σwv, so σ = (95.0×10−6 A)/(0.520 m)(28.0 m/s) = 6.52×10−6 C/m2. E29-11 The drift velocity is given by Eq.
29-6, vd = j ne = i Ane = (115 A) (31.2×10−6m2)(8.49×1028/m3)(1.60×10−19C) = 2.71×10−4 m/s. The time it takes for the electrons to get to the starter motor is t = x v = (0.855 m) (2.71×10−4m/s) = 3.26×103 s. That’s about 54 minutes. E29-12 ∆V = iR = (50×10−3 A)(1800 Ω) = 90 V. E29-13 The resistance of an object with constant cross section is given by Eq. 29-13, R = ρ L A = (3.0 × 10−7 Ω m) (11, 000 m) (0.0056 m2) = 0.59 Ω.
E29-14 The slope is approximately [(8.2 − 1.7)/1000]µΩ cm/◦ C, so α = 1 1.7µΩ cm 6.5×10−3 µΩ cm/◦ C ≈ 4×10−3 /C◦ E29-15 (a) i = ∆V/R = (23 V)/(15×10−3 Ω) = 1500 A. (b) j = i/A = (1500 A)/π(3.0×10−3 m)2 = 5.3×107 A/m2. (c) ρ = RA/L = (15×10−3 Ω)π(3.0×10−3 m)2 /(4.0 m) = 1.1×10−7 Ω m.
The material is possibly platinum. E29-16 Use the equation from Exercise 29-17. ∆R = 8 Ω; then ∆T = (8 Ω)/(50 Ω)(4.3×10−3 /C◦ ) = 37 C◦. The final temperature is then 57◦ C. 60 • E29-17 Start with Eq.
29-16, ρ − ρ0 = ρ0αav(T − T0), and multiply through by L/A, L A (ρ − ρ0) = L A ρ0αav(T − T0), to get R − R0 = R0αav(T − T0). E29-18 The wire has a length L = (250)2π(0.122 m) = 192 m. The diameter is 0.129 inches; the cross sectional area is then A = π(0.129 × 0.0254 m)2 /4 = 8.43×10−6 m2. The resistance is R = ρL/A = (1.69×10−8 Ω m)(192 m)/(8.43×10−6 m2 ) = 0.385 Ω. E29-19 If the length of each conductor is L and has resistivity ρ, then RA = ρ L πD2/4 = ρ 4L πD2 and RB = ρ L (π4D2/4 − πD2/4) = ρ 4L 3πD2. The ratio of the resistances is then RA RB = 3. E29-20 R = R, so ρ1L1/π(d1/2)2 = ρ2L2/π(d2/2)2.
Simplifying, ρ1/d2 1 = ρ2/d2 2. Then d2 = (1.19×10−3 m) (9.68×10−8Ω m)/(1.69×10−8Ω m) = 2.85×10−3 m. E29-21 (a) (750×10−3 A)/(125) = 6.00×10−3 A. (b) ∆V = iR = (6.00×10−3 A)(2.65×10−6 Ω) = 1.59×10−8 V. (c) R = ∆V/i = (1.59×10−8 V)/(750×10−3 A) = 2.12×10−8 Ω. E29-22 Since ∆V = iR, then if ∆V and i are the same, then R must be the same. (a) Since R = R, ρ1L1/πr2 1 = ρ2L2/πr2 2, or ρ1/r2 1 = ρ2/r2 2.
Then riron/rcopper = (9.68×10−8Ω m)(1.69×10−8Ω m) = 2.39. (b) Start with the definition of current density: j = i A = ∆V RA = ∆V ρL. Since ∆V and L is the same, but ρ is different, then the current densities will be different.
61 • E29-23 Conductivity is given by Eq. 29-8, j = σE. If the wire is long and thin, then the magnitude of the electric field in the wire will be given by E ≈ ∆V/L = (115 V)/(9.66 m) = 11.9 V/m. We can now find the conductivity, σ = j E = (1.42×104 A/m2 ) (11.9 V/m) = 1.19×103 (Ω m)−1. E29-24 (a) vd = j/en = σE/en. Then vd = (2.70×10−14 /Ω m)(120 V/m)/(1.60×10−19 C)(620×106 /m3 + 550×106 /m3 ) = 1.73×10−2 m/s. (b) j = σE = (2.70×10−14 /Ω m)(120 V/m) = 3.24×10−14 A/m2.
E29-25 (a) R/L = ρ/A, so j = i/A = (R/L)i/ρ. For copper, j = (0.152×10−3 Ω/m)(62.3 A)/(1.69×10−8 Ω m) = 5.60×105 A/m2; for aluminum, j = (0.152×10−3 Ω/m)(62.3 A)/(2.75×10−8 Ω m) = 3.44×105 A/m2. (b) A = ρL/R; if δ is density, then m = δlA = lδρ/(R/L). For copper, m = (1.0 m)(8960 kg/m3 )(1.69×10−8 Ω m)/(0.152×10−3 Ω/m) = 0.996 kg; for aluminum, m = (1.0 m)(2700 kg/m3 )(2.75×10−8 Ω m)/(0.152×10−3 Ω/m) = 0.488 kg. E29-26 The resistance for potential differences less than 1.5 V are beyond the scale. 1 2 3 4 V(Volts) 2 4 6 8 10 R(Kilo−ohms) 62 • E29-27 (a) The resistance is defined as R = ∆V i = (3.55 × 106 V/A2 )i2 i = (3.55 × 106 V/A2 )i. When i = 2.40 mA the resistance would be R = (3.55 × 106 V/A2 )(2.40 × 10−3 A) = 8.52 kΩ.
(b) Invert the above expression, and i = R/(3.55 × 106 V/A2 ) = (16.0 Ω)/(3.55 × 106 V/A2 ) = 4.51 µA. E29-28 First, n = 3(6.02×1023 )(2700 kg/m3 )(27.0×10−3 kg) = 1.81×1029 /m3. Then τ = m ne2ρ = (9.11×10−31 kg) (1.81×1029/m3)(1.60×10−19C)2(2.75×10−8Ω m) = 7.15×10−15 s. E29-29 (a) E = E0/κe = q/4π 0κeR2, so E = (1.00×10−6 C) 4π(8.85×10−12C2/N m2)(4.7)(0.10 m)2 = (b) E = E0 = q/4π 0R2, so E = (1.00×10−6 C) 4π(8.85×10−12C2/N m2)(0.10 m)2 = (c) σind = 0(E0 − E) = q(1 − 1/κe)/4πR2. Then σind = (1.00×10−6 C) 4π(0.10 m)2 1 − 1 (4.7) = 6.23×10−6 C/m2.
E29-30 Midway between the charges E = q/π 0d, so q = π(8.85×10−12 C2 /N m2 )(0.10 m)(3×106 V/m) = 8.3×10−6 C. E29-31 (a) At the surface of a conductor of radius R with charge Q the magnitude of the electric field is given by E = 1 4π 0 QR2, while the potential (assuming V = 0 at infinity) is given by V = 1 4π 0 QR. The ratio is V/E = R. The potential on the sphere that would result in “sparking” is V = ER = (3×106 N/C)R.
(b) It is “easier” to get a spark off of a sphere with a smaller radius, because any potential on the sphere will result in a larger electric field. (c) The points of a lighting rod are like small hemispheres; the electric field will be large near these points so that this will be the likely place for sparks to form and lightning bolts to strike.
A book that does not look new and has been read but is in excellent condition. No obvious damage to the cover, with the dust jacket (if applicable) included for hard covers. No missing or damaged pages, no creases or tears, and no underlining/highlighting of text or writing in the margins.
May be very minimal identifying marks on the inside cover. Very minimal wear and tear. See the seller’s listing for full details and description of any imperfections. Seller Notes: “ Textbooks have no writing or highlights. The student solution manual has some writing and highlights. The textbooks are hardcover and the solution manual is paperback. ” Subject: Physics Educational Level: College Product Type: Textbook Bundle, Kit Publication Year: 2001 Format: Mixed Lot Language: English ISBN.