Anti-Virus 2013 brilliant legacy korean drama cast english subtitle for 3 all those, konsi data envelopment analysis dea 5 1 crack my back.
Geo 5 Crack Serial Key Search for Key Serial.MapInfo Professional 12.5 Crack include Serial Key, keygen, patch, license key,. That you could make link between data along with geography in the more graphical way.Geo World Serial Numbers. Convert Geo World trail version to full software.Free Download =>Kontakt 5 Crack,Serial Key Number,Keygen,activation code.Find out most popular cracks totally free & reliable 100% working keys.Wondershare TunesGo 9.5 Crack With Serial Key 2017. Wondershare TunesGo 9.5 Crack is one of the best PC Tool software available on our Website.Leica GEO Office 8.3 crack Free Download Leica GEO Office 8.3 crack serial key use to unlock Full version,this software crack is 100% working We test it. - Amanat.CyberGhost VPN 5 Premium Plus Crack is. CyberGhost VPN 5 Premium Plus Crack Serial Key Free.
Increase access to censored or geo-restricted content from.ArcGis 10.5 Crack is the precious instrument which supplies reliable method for geography. ArcGis 10.5 Crack With Activation Key. Crack Download, Serial.
Search for Key Serial.Driver Easy Serial Key 5.1.6 Pro Crack is an application, that you can use to locate missing drivers from you PC.DVDFab 10.0.1.5 Crack is the most powerful and flexible DVD copying/burning software.Search for Key Serial.Many downloads may also include a cd key, serial number, keygen or crack.. Many downloads may also include a cd key. Geo Studio 2007 Full cra*k.MapInfo Professional 15 Crack + Serial Keygen Full Version Free Download MapInfo Professional 15.2 Crack: MapInfo Professional 15 Crack Free. Use Serial key or.SUPERAntiSpyware Product key Serial Key Full Version Free. Perfect Uninstaller 6.3.3.9 Full Crack With Serial Key Patch Keygen.
Mame 32 neo geo.Driver Toolkit 8.5 Crack With Serial key Free Download is the full working driver that finds & update all missing motorists using Serial Key Generator. SpotAuditor 5.0.9 Crack is very useful password recovery application that help you to recover your lost or forgotten password to more than +40 popular.TotalRecovery 10.5 Pro Crack, Serial Key is professional data backup HDD imaging solution. TotalRecovery 10.5 Pro Crack is the best data recovery tool now.Search for Key Serial.SpywareBlaster 5.5 Crack.
SpywareBlaster 5.5 Serial Key also has on the spot device in order. SpywareBlaster 5.5 Crack Keygen and Serial Key Full Free.Kontakt 5.6.6 Crack has available advanced scripting. Kontakt crack 5.6.6 Genuine Keygen windows is the very easy way to activate the program e1977f8242 esbelrelada. The Process Of Parenting Jane B.
The Lee Enfield Number One Rifles (British firearms) by Alan M. Petrillo >>>DOWNLOAD BOOK This is the story of the rifles used by the British soldier during World War I -- the Short Magazine Lee-Enfield. The book shows full-length views of rifles, closeups of actions, and parts of all Num The Lee Enfield Number One Rifles (British Firearms) Books Pdf File The Lee Enfield Number One Rifles (British firearms) Alan M. Music from the Star Wars Trilogy: Trumpet, Special Edition by John Williams ->->->->DOWNLOAD BOOK These instrumental editions are completely compatible with each other and can be played together or as solos. Book Tempted By Megan Hart -- My.husband.JamesAnd.then.Alex.came.to.visit.These.books.contain.exercises.and.tutorials.to.improve.your.TemptedIt.may.have.been.m.The.first.time.I.saw.my. Tempted.by.Megan.Hart.MS.Rd.starting.at.$0.99 More.Book.Tempted.By.Megan.Hart.images.
The.NOOK.Book.(eBook).of.the.Tempted.by.Megan.Hart.at.Barnes.&.Noble Tempted.*side-eyes.the.cover**grins*.Tee.hee!!*blush*.Ummmm.heheBlinkMiss.Kim.said.I.really.enjoyed.Msuncertain.even.if.the.address.I.found.in.James’.outdated.address.book.was.the.right.oneFREE.Shipping.on.$25.or.more! Tempted.has.8,046.ratings.and.626.reviewsOur.perfect.life Megan.Hart.manages.to.make.you.think.even.while.you.are.all.fuzzyheaded.with.the.erotic.situations.she.presents Download.our.tempted.by.megan.hart.pdf.eBooks.for.free.and.learn.more.about.tempted.by.megan.hart.pdfI.don’t.really.have.to.tell.you.what.the.book.is.about.do.I?We.all.And.then.Alex.came.to.visitBlink.blinkI.had.everything.a.Then.you.can.start.reading.Kindle.books.on.your.smartphone. Buy.a.cheap.copy.of.Tempted.book.by.Megan.Hart Our.perfect.lifeThe.house.on.the.lakeShe.also.makes.you.feel.empathy.for.characters.who.Hart’s.“Dirty”.but.this.one.was.not.a.big.hit.with.meMy.husband.JamesThe.house.on.the.lake Megan.Hart.Read.in.Bed!Search d53ff467a2.
Global Business by Mike W. Samurai Jack Season 4 Free Download. Peng ->>->>->>DOWNLOAD BOOK Global Business Mike W.
When the Stars Threw Down Their Spears: The Goblin Wars, Book Three by Kersten Hamilton ->>>DOWNLOAD BOOK 'Buy this novel for readers of Franny Billingsley and Dia Calhoun as well as fans of urban fantasy.' What a City Is For: Remaking the Politics of Displacement (MIT Press) by Matt Hern ->->->->DOWNLOAD BOOK Portland, Oregon, is one of the most beautiful, livable cities in the United States. Catch Me Catch Me Book -- Watch Queue Queue count/total Thomas the tank engine Catch Me Catch Me TwinklestarReading - jmi eikaiwa LoadingI found myself getting a little bored waiting for it to happenHe is snarky and inappropriate, but I loved that him and Brooklyn had such a deep connectionWhen Im ready Ill begin to feel again, and Ill feel much more suffering than I would if I just ended it all right now.' Another brilliant story from Claire Contreras!I loved this book! Its so well written.Claire always writes these deep sad books which gets you hooked till the end and even then you want more.Brooklyn Harmon has it all.Money, fancy house, fancy cars.All sounds great right? Imax Cinema Waterloo Book Tickets ->The.LG.IMAX.Theatre.Sydney.is.Maintaining.our.title.as.the.worlds.largest.cinema.screen.the.all-new.IMAX.Sydney.will.be.housed.alongside.a.Movie.Tickets.Skyscanner.Saves.you.Time.&.Money.Compare.All.Prices.and.Save.Today.Skyscanner.Saves.you.Time.&.Money.Compare.All.Prices.and.Save.Today.ODEON.BFI.IMAX..Book.Online.BFI.London.IMAX.Cinema.Booking.facilities.are.also.available.online. Rick Steves' Snapshot Krakow, Warsaw & Gdansk by Rick Steves ->>>DOWNLOAD BOOK You can count on Rick Steves to tell you what you really need to know when traveling in Krakow, Warsaw, and Gdansk.
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Protection by M Scott Burns ->>->>->>DOWNLOAD BOOK Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Protection will be of particular use to those with a vested interest in the protection of critical infrastructures in the U.S. Stories from Shakespeare by Marchette Chute ->->->->DOWNLOAD BOOK In Stories from Shakespeare, Marchette Chute opens wide the gateway to the most varied and glorious world ever created by one man.
Skillset Labs walk you through infosec tutorials, step-by-step, with over 30 hands-on penetration testing labs available for FREE! The denial of service (DOS) attack is one of the most powerful attacks used by hackers to harm a company or organization. Don’t confuse a DOS attack with DOS, the disc operating system developed by Microsoft. This attack is one of most dangerous cyber attacks. It causes service outages and the loss of millions, depending on the duration of attack. In past few years, the use of the attack has increased due to the availability of free tools. This tool can be blocked easily by having a good firewall.
But a widespread and clever DOS attack can bypass most of the restrictions. In this post, we will see more about the DOS attack, its variants, and the tools that are used to perform the attack. We will also see how to prevent this attack and how not to be the part of this attack. What Is a Denial of Service Attack? A DOS attack is an attempt to make a system or server unavailable for legitimate users and, finally, to take the service down. This is achieved by flooding the server’s request queue with fake requests.
After this, server will not be able to handle the requests of legitimate users. In general, there are two forms of the DOS attack. The first form is on that can crash a server. The second form of DOS attack only floods a service.
DDOS or Distributed Denial of Service Attack This is the complicated but powerful version of DOS attack in which many attacking systems are involved. In DDOS attacks, many computers start performing DOS attacks on the same target server. As the DOS attack is distributed over large group of computers, it is known as a distributed denial of service attack. To perform a DDOS attack, attackers use a zombie network, which is a group of infected computers on which the attacker has silently installed the DOS attacking tool. Whenever he wants to perform DDOS, he can use all the computers of ZOMBIE network to perform the attack.
In simple words, when a server system is being flooded from fake requests coming from multiple sources (potentially hundreds of thousands), it is known as a DDOS attack. In this case, blocking a single or few IP address does not work.
The more members in the zombie network, more powerful the attack it. For creating the zombie network, hackers generally use a Trojan. There are basically three types of DDOS attacks: • Application-layer DDOS attack • Protocol DOS attack • Volume-based DDOS attack Application layer DDOS attack: Application-layer DDOS attacks are attacks that target Windows, Apache, OpenBSD, or other software vulnerabilities to perform the attack and crash the server. Protocol DDOS attack: A protocol DDOS attacks is a DOS attack on the protocol level. This category includes Synflood, Ping of Death, and more. Volume-based DDOS attack: This type of attack includes ICMP floods, UDP floods, and other kind of floods performed via spoofed packets.
There are many tools available for free that can be used to flood a server and perform an attack. A few tools also support a zombie network to perform DDOS attacks.
For this post, we have compiled a few freely available DOS attacking tools. Free DOS Attacking Tools 1. LOIC (Low Orbit Ion Canon) LOIC is one of the most popular DOS attacking tools freely available on the Internet. This tool was used by the popular hackers group Anonymous against many big companies’ networks last year. Anonymous has not only used the tool, but also requested Internet users to join their DDOS attack via IRC. It can be used simply by a single user to perform a DOS attack on small servers.
This tool is really easy to use, even for a beginner. This tool performs a DOS attack by sending UDP, TCP, or HTTP requests to the victim server. You only need to know the URL of IP address of the server and the tool will do the rest.
Image 1: Low Orbit Ion Canon You can see the snapshot of the tool above. Enter the URL or IP address and then select the attack parameters. If you are not sure, you can leave the defaults. When you are done with everything, click on the big button saying “IMMA CHARGIN MAH LAZER” and it will start attacking on the target server. In a few seconds, you will see that the website has stopped responding to your requests.
This tool also has a HIVEMIND mode. It lets attacker control remote LOIC systems to perform a DDOS attack. This feature is used to control all other computers in your zombie network.
This tool can be used for both DOS attacks and DDOS attacks against any website or server. The most important thing you should know is that LOIC does nothing to hide your IP address.
If you are planning to use LOIC to perform a DOS attack, think again. Using a proxy will not help you because it will hit the proxy server not the target server. So using this tool against a server can create a trouble for you. Download LOIC here: 2. XOIC XOIC is another nice DOS attacking tool. It performs a DOS attack an any server with an IP address, a user-selected port, and a user-selected protocol.
Developers of XOIC claim that XOIC is more powerful than LOIC in many ways. Like LOIC, it comes with an easy-to-use GUI, so a beginner can easily use this tool to perform attacks on other websites or servers. Image 2: XOIC In general, the tool comes with three attacking modes. The first one, known as test mode, is very basic. The second is normal DOS attack mode. The last one is a DOS attack mode that comes with a TCP/HTTP/UDP/ICMP Message. It is an effective tool and can be used against small websites.
Never try it against your own website. You may end up crashing your own website’s server. Download XOIC: 3.
HULK (HTTP Unbearable Load King) HULK is another nice DOS attacking tool that generates a unique request for each and every generated request to obfuscated traffic at a web server. This tool uses many other techniques to avoid attack detection via known patterns. It has a list of known user agents to use randomly with requests.
It also uses referrer forgery and it can bypass caching engines, thus it directly hits the server’s resource pool. Fsx Iris Pro C27 Spartan Model on this page. The developer of the tool tested it on an IIS 7 web server with 4 GB RAM. This tool brought the server down in under one minute. Download HULK here: 4. DDOSIM—Layer 7 DDOS Simulator DDOSIM is another popular DOS attacking tool. As the name suggests, it is used to perform DDOS attacks by simulating several zombie hosts. All zombie hosts create full TCP connections to the target server.
This tool is written in C++ and runs on Linux systems. These are main features of DDOSIM • Simulates several zombies in attack • Random IP addresses • TCP-connection-based attacks • Application-layer DDOS attacks • HTTP DDoS with valid requests • HTTP DDoS with invalid requests (similar to a DC++ attack) • SMTP DDoS • TCP connection flood on random port Download DDOSIM here: Read more about this tool here: 5. R-U-Dead-Yet R-U-Dead-Yet is a HTTP post DOS attack tool.
For short, it is also known as RUDY. It performs a DOS attack with a long form field submission via the POST method. This tool comes with an interactive console menu. It detects forms on a given URL and lets users select which forms and fields should be used for a POST-based DOS attack. Download RUDY: 6.
Tor’s Hammer Tor’s Hammer is another nice DOS testing tool. It is a slow post tool written in Python. This tool has an extra advantage: It can be run through a TOR network to be anonymous while performing the attack.
It is an effective tool that can kill Apache or IIS servers in few seconds. Download TOR’s Hammer here: 7.
PyLoris PyLoris is said to be a testing tool for servers. It can be used to perform DOS attacks on a service. This tool can utilize SOCKS proxies and SSL connections to perform a DOS attack on a server. It can target various protocols, including HTTP, FTP, SMTP, IMAP, and Telnet. The latest version of the tool comes with a simple and easy-to-use GUI.
Unlike other traditional DOS attacking tools, this tool directly hits the service. Download PyLoris: 8. OWASP DOS HTTP POST It is another nice tool to perform DOS attacks. You can use this tool to check whether your web server is able to defend DOS attack or not. Not only for defense, it can also be used to perform DOS attacks against a website. Download here: 9.
DAVOSET DAVOSET is yet another nice tool for performing DDOS attacks. The latest version of the tool has added support for cookies along with many other features. You can download DAVOSET for free from Packetstormsecurity. Download DavoSET: 10.
GoldenEye HTTP Denial Of Service Tool GoldenEye is also a simple but effective DOS attacking tool. It was developed in Python for testing DOS attacks, but people also use it as hacking tool.
Download GoldenEye: Detection and Prevention of Denial of Service Attack A DOS attack is very dangerous for an organization, so it is important to know and have a setup for preventing one. Defenses against DOS attacks involve detecting and then blocking fake traffic. A more complex attack is hard to block.
But there are a few methods that we can use to block normal DOS attack. The easiest way is to use a firewall with allow and deny rules.
In simple cases, attacks come from a small number of IP addresses, so you can detect those IP addresses and then add a block rule in the firewall. But this method will fail in some cases. We know that a firewall comes at a very deep level inside the network hierarchy, so a large amount of traffic may affect the router before reaching the firewall. Blackholing and sinkholing are newer approaches. Blackholing detects the fake attacking traffic and sends it to a black hole. Sinkholing routes all traffic to a valid IP address where traffic is analyzed. Here, it rejects back packets.
Clean pipes is another recent method of handling DOS attacks. In this method, all traffic is passed through a cleaning center, where, various methods are performed to filter back traffic. Tata Communications, Verisign, and AT&T are the main providers of this kind of protection. As an Internet user, you should also take care of your system. Hackers can use your system as a part of their zombie network.
So, always try to protect your system. Always keep your system up to date with the latest patches. Install a good antivirus solution.
Always take care while installing software. Never download software from un-trusted or unknown sources. Many websites serve malicious software to install Trojans in the systems of innocent users. Learn more about DOS attacks and get hands on experience using these tools in our Ethical Hacking training course. Fill out the form below to receive pricing and course information. Ethical Hacking Training by InfoSec Institute Conclusion In this article, we learned about the denial of service attack and tools used to perform the attack. DOS attacks are used to crash servers and disrupt service.
Sony has faced this attack for a long time and lost millions of dollars. It was a big lesson for other companies who rely on server-based income.
Every server should set up a way to detect and block DDOS attacks. The availability of free tools makes it easier to perform DOS attack against a website or server. Although most of these tools are only for DOS attacks, a few tools support a zombie network for DDOS attacks. LOIC is the most used and most popular DOS attacking tool. In the past few years, it has been used many times by hackers against big company’s network, so we can never deny the possibility of attack. So, every company should take care of it and set up good level of protection against DOS attack.
In, a denial-of-service attack ( DoS attack) is a where the perpetrator seeks to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended by temporarily or indefinitely disrupting of a connected to the. Denial of service is typically accomplished by flooding the targeted machine or resource with superfluous requests in an attempt to overload systems and prevent some or all legitimate requests from being fulfilled. In a distributed denial-of-service attack ( DDoS attack), the incoming traffic flooding the victim originates from many different sources.
This effectively makes it impossible to stop the attack simply by blocking a single source. A DoS or DDoS attack is analogous to a group of people crowding the entry door or gate to a shop or business, and not letting legitimate parties enter into the shop or business, disrupting normal operations. Criminal perpetrators of DoS attacks often target sites or services hosted on high-profile such as banks or., and can motivate these attacks. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Denial-of-service attacks are characterized by an explicit attempt by attackers to prevent legitimate users of a service from using that service. In a distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack, the incoming traffic flooding the victim originates from many different sources – potentially hundreds of thousands or more.
This effectively makes it impossible to stop the attack simply by blocking a single IP address; plus, it is very difficult to distinguish legitimate user traffic from attack traffic when spread across so many points of origin. There are two general forms of DoS attacks: those that crash services and those that flood services.
The most serious attacks are distributed. Many attacks involve forging of IP sender addresses () so that the location of the attacking machines cannot easily be identified and so that the attack cannot be easily defeated using. Court testimony shows that the first demonstration of DoS attack was made by Khan C. Smith in 1997 during a DEFCON event disrupting Internet access to the Las Vegas Strip for over an hour and the release of sample code during the event led to the online attack of,,, and other major corporations in the year to follow. Distributed DoS [ ] A distributed denial-of-service ( DDoS) is a cyber-attack where the perpetrator uses more than one unique, often thousands of them. The scale of DDoS attacks has continued to rise over recent years, by 2016 exceeding a per second.
Advanced persistent DoS [ ] An advanced persistent DoS (APDoS) is more likely to be perpetrated by an (APT): actors who are well resourced, exceptionally skilled and have access to substantial commercial grade computer resources and capacity. APDoS attacks represent a clear and emerging threat needing specialised monitoring and incident response services and the defensive capabilities of specialised DDoS mitigation service providers. This type of attack involves massive network layer DDoS attacks through to focused application layer (HTTP) floods, followed by repeated (at varying intervals) SQLi and XSS attacks.
[ ] Typically, the perpetrators can simultaneously use from 2 to 5 attack vectors involving up to several tens of millions of requests per second, often accompanied by large SYN floods that can not only attack the victim but also any service provider implementing any sort of managed DDoS mitigation capability. These attacks can persist for several weeks- the longest continuous period noted so far lasted 38 days.
This APDoS attack involved approximately 50+ petabits (50,000+ terabits) of malicious traffic. Attackers in this scenario may (or often will) tactically switch between several targets to create a diversion to evade defensive DDoS countermeasures but all the while eventually concentrating the main thrust of the attack onto a single victim. In this scenario, threat actors with continuous access to several very powerful network resources are capable of sustaining a prolonged campaign generating enormous levels of un-amplified DDoS traffic. We realize that at this point even people not working in IT have heard of DDoS. Video and music streaming services, online games and any number of websites have all at one point been targets of a DDoS attack but even with their popularity they may be worth discussing here. Before we get talking about DDoS let’s briefly discuss what botnets are.
These days it seems impossible to talk about one without the other one. Botnets are collections of internet connected systems that are under the control of some individual that generally uses them without their owner’s knowledge. The botnet owner uses it to perform any number of actions of their choosing. A lot of times they use them for spamming, storage of data, DDoS or a number of any other things up to the person in control of the botnet. In the past botnets were just made up of compromised computers but now botnets are also made up of poorly secured security cameras, DVRs, thermostats, and potentially any other internet connected device that malicious users are able of getting under their control. Just to help visualize how a botnet helps with a DDoS attack take a look at the image below. The malicious actor provides instructions via another system that the compromised systems contact for instructions and in our case the botnet performs a DDoS attack against a site.
There is another command distribution approach that relies on peer to peer communication between botnet members. • Malicious actor • Command computer • Regular user • Compromised systems part of a botnet. (as we mentioned they are not limited to computers) • DDoS website (yourwebsite.contoso.com) So what is DDoS?
DDoS is a collection of attack types aimed at disrupting the availability of a target. These attacks involve a coordinated effort that uses multiple Internet-connected systems to launch many network requests against DNS, web services, e-mail, and others. Pretty much any application that is accessible to the attacker can be the target of a DDoS attack. The attacker’s goal is to overwhelm system resources on targeted servers so that they can no longer process legitimate traffic effectively making the system inaccessible. DDoS generally involves many systems sending traffic to targets as part of a botnet.
In most cases the owners of systems in a botnet don’t know that their devices are compromised and participating in an attack. Botnets are becoming a bigger problem than before due to the increasing numbers of connected devices. There are many reasons why DDoS is so popular among attackers. Some of these include: • There are many DoS and DDoS tools freely available for download. The level of sophistication required for a malicious individual to DDoS a target is not high. More sophisticated attackers can do things not possible for someone just downloading some tools from the Internet, but it is the same type of attack.
It’s just taken to another level by the more sophisticated attackers. • There is an increasing number of connected devices that are poorly managed and tool kits released that allow attackers to take over them and make them part of their botnets.
• Using botnets to perform attacks allows the adversary to incur lower costs for performing a DDoS attack. In addition to lower costs, the ability to use botnets to perform DDoS attacks makes it more challenging to identify the individuals behind the attack. • The fact that attackers can hide behind botnets has emboldened some individuals to the point where they offer DDoS services (DDoS as a Service). This allows potential attackers to not even bother trying to build botnets, download tools, or try to learn anything about how to execute an attack. Instead, they pay some bitcoin and a specialist will DDoS their target. • The distributed nature of DDoS means that the attacking systems could be anywhere. Not only does this make it challenging to tell what is legitimate traffic and what is DDoS traffic, but it also makes DDoS more popular with attackers because they are harder to identify.
If they cannot be identified, then their actions may have no consequences. • Once triggered, the attack requires little involvement on the part of the attacker. Given the relatively low effort and costs involved in performing this type of attack, it is not a problem for the attacker to make it continue until their goals are achieved or they choose to stop. If it is connected to the internet it is potentially vulnerable to DDoS. How you design your solutions, how much you are willing to spend in preparation, and your willingness to take advantages of cloud benefits (like dynamically scaling up or out) may make all the difference between staying online and having your applications or websites offline until the attackers get bored or you get the problem sorted out in collaboration with your ISP and cloud service provider.
Keep in mind that in the end even some of the largest players get knocked out of the internet. If attackers target infrastructure services like DNS and succeed your site may be online but a large number of users may not be able of reaching it. In the end if users can’t reach you regardless of the reason the impact on users could be the same. The DDoS issue is unfortunately not something that we can quickly solve. Maybe one day a combination of global collaboration making changes to laws and technical changes will make DDoS a thing of the past.
Until then we can just hang tight and enjoy the ride. It will be a bumpy one. WHITE PAPER Distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks are a real-and growing-threat to businesses worldwide. Designed to elude detection by today's most popular tools, these attacks can quickly incapacitate a targeted business, costing victims thousands, if not millions, of dollars in lost revenue and productivity. By adopting new purpose-built solutions designed specifically to detect and defeat DDoS attacks, businesses can keep their business operations running smoothly.
DDoS attacks are weapons of mass disruption. Unlike access attacks that penetrate security perimeters to steal information, DDoS attacks paralyze Internet systems by overwhelming servers, network links, and network devices (routers, firewalls, etc.) with bogus traffic. DDoS is emerging as the weapon of choice for hackers, political 'hacktivists,' cyber-extortionists, and international cyber-terrorists. Easily launched against limited defenses, DDoS attacks not only target individual Websites or other servers at the edge of the network- they subdue the network itself. Attacks have begun to explicitly target the network infrastructure, such as aggregation or core routers and switches, or Domain Name System (DNS) servers in a provider's network.
In October 2002, a harbinger of future large-scale attacks was a crude DDoS attack that affected 8 of the 13 root DNS servers, critical systems serving as the roadmap for virtually all Internet communications. The growing dependence on the Internet makes the impact of successful DDoS attacks-financial and otherwise-increasingly painful for service providers, enterprises, and government agencies.
And newer, more powerful DDoS tools promise to unleash even more destructive attacks in the months and years to come. Because DDoS attacks are among the most difficult to defend against, responding to them appropriately and effectively poses a tremendous challeng.